The Wild Frontier (54 page)

20.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 105-6.

21.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 41.

22.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage, 96.

23.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, 131-32.

24.
Ibid., 145.

25.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 196.

26.
Esarey, Logan,
A History of Indiana
(1970), 10-11.

27.
Quoted in Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 53.

28.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 110.

29.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 128-29.

30.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 194.

31.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 50.

32.
Ibid., 94.

33.
Ibid., 98.

34.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 78-79.

35.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 369.

36.
Quoted in Jackson,
A Century of Dishonor
, 68.

37.
Drimmer, Frederick,
Captured by the Indians
(1961), 277-79, 299-300.

38.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 280.

39.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, vii.

40.
Driver, Harold E.,
Indians of North America
(1969), 320.

41.
World Book
, vol. 10, 144.

42.
Spicer,
The American Indians
, 104. The author spoke of the northern Plains Indians, but this language applies to all tribes.

43.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country, 6-7.

44.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 87.

45.
Schultz, Duane,
Month of the Freezing Moon: The Sand Creek Massacre, November, 1864
(1990), 13.

46.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 223.

47.
Quoted in Matthiessen,
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse
, 440.

48.
Quoted in Utley, Robert M., and Wilcomb E. Washburn,
Indian Wars
(1977), 144.

49.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 309.

50.
Quoted in Loudon, Archibald,
A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives, of Outrages, Committed by
the Indians, in Their Wars, with the White People
, vol. 2 (1908), 220.

51.
Dippie,
The Vanishing American
, 54.

52.
Ibid., 234.

53.
Wissler,
Indians of the United States
, xiv.

54.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 211.

55.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 167.

56.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars, 144.

57.
Quoted in Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, 134.

58.
Robinson, 313.

59.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon, 16.

60.
The Appendix counts as several wars those between more than 2 tribes. For example, when the Iroquois fought the Beaver Wars against 13 other tribes, those wars are considered 13 intertribal wars, not just one.

61.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars, 15.

62.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie, 212.

63.
Brady, Cyrus Townsend,
Indian Fights and Fighters (1971), 313.

64.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 87-88.

65.
Brandon,
Indians, 176.

66.
Pearce,
The Savages of America
, 93.

67.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 309.

68.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1174-75.

69.
Kelly, Fanny,
Narrative of My Captivity Among the Sioux Indians
(1871), 78.

70.
Quoted in Commager,
The West
, 237.

71.
Quoted in J
ournal of the Indian Wars, 1
(1): 1999, 9.

72.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 180.

73.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 185.

74.
Ibid., 90.

75.
Andrist, Ralph K.,
The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indian
(1964), 136.

76.
Ibid., 131.

77.
Robinson,
A Good Year to Die
, xxix.

78.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 293-94.

79.
Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 84.

80.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction, 195.

81.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes, 469.

82.
Quoted in Pearce,
The Savages of America, 116.

83.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes, 146.

84.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 167-68.

85.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 200.

86.
Quoted in Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 188.

87.
Kelly, 143.

88.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage, 96.

89.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 18.

90.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars, 56.
Indians were not alone in imposing the punishment of running the gauntlet. As noted in Stephen E. Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
(1996), 159, Private Moses B. Reed in the Lewis and Clark Expedition did so after he was convicted of desertion and theft.

91.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 324.

92.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 197.

93.
Brandon,
Indians
, 181-82.

94.
Ebersole,
Captured by Texts, 196.

95.
Quoted in Goodrich, Thomas,
Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865-1879
(1997), 43.

96.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 444.

97.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 324-25.

98.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 167-74.

99.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 328-30.

100.
Ibid., 291-92.

101.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 87. To basically the same effect, it is said that “Sitting Bull, after permitting fifty pieces of flesh to be cut from his arms and chest and undergoing other tests of fortitude, had had a vision of soldiers falling into the Indian camp.” Andrist,
Long Death, 262.

102.
Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
, 281-83. Catlin witnessed and described another Sioux Sun Dance (Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 226-27).

103.
Waldman,
Atlas, 219.

104.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 237.

105.
Richardson, Rupert N.,
The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement
(1933), 37-38.

106.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 106.

107.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 100.

108.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction, 196-97.

109.
Brandon,
Indians
, 136.

110.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 174.

111.
Of course, settlers scalped as well. Wilson, in
The Earth Shall Weep
, p. 237, stated that “on good authority I can report the case of an old prospector-pioneer-miner-trapper of this region who had on his bed even in recent years a blanket lined with Indian scalps…. The Indians he had killed purely on his own account.” This was a California prospector. Such a blanket would contain perhaps 150 scalps, which is 146 more than Wilson reported the Indians took.

112.
Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 88.

113.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian
, 37.

114.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 283.

115.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 15.

116.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 267-68.

117.
Quoted in Gilbert,
God Gave Us This Country
, 207.

118.
Brady,
Indian Eights and Fighters
, 323.

119.
Tebbel and Jennison,
The American Indian Wars
, 99.

120.
Smith,
A New Age Now Begins
, 1234.

121.
Ibid., 1234.

122.
Ibid., 1234-35.

123.
Ibid., 1234.

124.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 192-93.

125.
Quoted in Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 220.

126.
Matthiessen, Peter,
Indian Country
(1984), 329.

127.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars, 27.

128.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 236.

129.
Ibid., 18.

130.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 194.

131.
The American Heritage Book of the Revolution
(1958), 242.

132.
Quoted in Coward,
The Newspaper Indian, 4.

133.
Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep
, 292.

134.
Quoted in Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 153.

135.
Esarey, Logan.
A History of Indiana
(1970), 70-71.

136.
Sheehan,
Seeds of Extinction
, 213.

137.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux
, 145.

138.
Ambrose, Stephen E.,
Undaunted Courage
(1996), 84, 88, 135.

139.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 151.

140.
Quoted in Wilson,
The Earth Shall Weep, 17.

141.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 190.

142.
Andrist,
Long Death
, 178.

143.
Catlin,
Letters and Notes
, 259-60.

144.
Washburn,
The Indian in America, 66.
Other reports about unnecessary slaughter of buffalo by Indians are found in Waldman,
Atlas
, 4, and Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters, 5.

145.
Waldman,
Atlas, 25.

146.
Ibid., 214.

147.
Driver,
Indians of North America
, 218.

148.
Quoted in Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians
, 158.

149.
Kelly,
My Captivity Among the Sioux, 76.

150.
Bordewich,
Killing the White Man’s Indian, 212.

151.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars, 254.

152.
War chiefs were the principals in times of war, peace chiefs in times of peace.

153.
Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 99.

154.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black, 19.

155.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 160.

156.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 128.

157.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black
, 243.

158.
Waldman,
Who Was Who
, 264-65.

159.
Quoted in Berkhofer,
The White Man’s Indian
, 170.

160.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 120.

161.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 63.

162.
Ibid., 87.

163.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 43.

164.
Ambrose,
Undaunted Courage
, 188.

165.
Waldman,
Encyclopedia
, 234.

166.
Nash,
Red, White, and Black, 126.

167.
Ibid., 127.

168.
Drimmer,
Captured by the Indians, 191.

169.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 192.

170.
Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 103.

171.
Debo,
A History of the Indians, 265.

172.
Axelrod,
Chronicle of the Indian Wars
, 161.

173.
Waldman,
Atlas
, 88.

174.
Utley and Washburn,
Indian Wars
, 289-90.

175.
Josephy,
Indian Heritage
, 280.

176.
Washburn,
The Indian in America
, 88-89.

177.
Quoted in Brodie, Fawn M.,
Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History
(1988), 434.

178.
Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 36.

179.
Quoted in Marshall,
Crimsoned Prairie
, 84.

180.
Quoted in Lazarus,
Black Hills/White Justice
, 57.

181.
Quoted in Brown,
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
, 38.

182.
Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865: Speeches, Letters, and Miscellaneous Writings, Presidential Messages and Proclamations
(1989), 441-42.

183.
Quoted in Schultz,
Month of the Freezing Moon
, 198.

184.
Quoted in Prucha,
Documents of United States Indian Policy
, 107.

185.
Quoted in Hays,
A Race at Bay
, 191.