The Wars of Watergate (134 page)

14.
Garment Interviews, May 29, June 26, 1985; Garment Notes for April 9, 10, 1973, prepared April 16, 1974 for the Special Prosecutor, Garment MS, LC; “Chronology,” June 28, November 14, 28, December 14, 27, 28, 1973,
ibid.;
Anonymous to Garment, December 7, 1973,
ibid.

15.
Stephen E. Ambrose,
Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962
(New York, 1962), 236–37; Stanley I. Kutler,
The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War
(New York, 1982), Ch. 6; Charles Alan Wright, “Right to Counsel and Counsels’ Rights,”
The Nation
, November 21, 1953, 426–28. Fawn Brodie speculated that Nixon may have believed that if the gifted Wright could be persuaded that Hiss had not lied, then he might similarly be persuaded about the President.
Richard Nixon: The Shaping of His Character
(New York, 1981), 199.

16.
“Chronology,” July 30, August 1, September 15, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Fred Graham Interview with Wright, October 20, 1973, Graham MS, LC; Press Conference, July 26, 1973, Garment MS, LC.

17.
“Chronology,” December 19, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Wright’s Preface, June 9, 1977, to his father’s privately published account of his role,
Legal Eagle
, courtesy of Professor Wright.

18.
“Chronology,” November 10, December 4, 1973, Garment MS, LC; David C. Hoopes to Haig (summarizing Sullivan letter of March 18, 1974), March 19, 1974, Hoopes Papers, NP; St. Clair Interview, April 10, 1987; Griswold Interview, May 4, 1987; Liebman Interview, June 14, 1988.

19.
Human Events
, November 10, 1973;
NYT
, November 2, 1973; Leon Jaworski,
The Right and the Power: The Prosecution of Watergate
(New York, 1976); Leon Jaworski,
Confession and Avoidance: A Memoir
(New York, 1979); Leon Jaworski Oral History, The Texas Collection, Baylor University, 1:210–22, 263–66, 336–41; 2:475–76; 5:897, 906; Bork Interview, June 17, 1987. When Jaworski had met Nixon on earlier occasions, he had been baffled by some of the strange sides of the President’s personality: Oral History Memoir, 2:488–90.

20.
Jaworski Oral History, 2:529.

21.
Federal Register
(November 7, 1973), 30738–39;
ibid.
(November 19, 1973), 32805; Bork to Jaworski, November 21, 1973, Administrative Files, WGSPF Records, NA; Jaworski Oral History, 2:447, 451–55.

22.
Special Prosecutor
, Hearings, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (October 29–November 1, November 5–8, November 14–15, November 20), 2–22, 40–45, 51–61, 147–63, 320–24, 354–55, 451–69, 556, 580–85;
WP
, February 21, 1973. In 1988, Circuit Court Judge Silberman wrote a majority opinion declaring a judicially appointed “Independent Counsel”—the legislative successor to the Special Prosecutor—unconstitutional.

23.
Louis Fisher,
Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President
(Princeton, NJ, 1985), 90–91.

24.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:507–08; “Chronology,” June 16, 27, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Buzhardt to Cox, June 16, 1973,
ibid.

25.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:473–74, 510–15;
NYT
, November 21, 1973.

26.
“Chronology,” December 5, 1973, Garment MS, LC;
NYT
, December 7, 1973;
National Review
, December 21, 1973; Sidney Glazer,
et al.
to Henry Ruth, November 25, 1973, “18½ Minute Investigation,” WGSPF Records, NA.

27.
NYT
, January 16, 17, 1973; Ford,
A Time to Heal
, 115.

28.
FBI Director to Jaworski, March 13, 1974; Jaworski to St. Clair, January 15, 1974; St. Clair to Jaworski, March 19, 1974, Jaworski MS, The Texas Collection, Baylor University.

29.
Washington Star
, January 24, 1974; Jaworski Oral History, 2:578–81.

30.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:515; “Chronology,” May 17, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Garment Interview, May 8, 1987; HJC,
Statement of Information
, “Tax Deduction for Gift of Papers,” 10:1–3.

31.
Alexander Interview, May 8, 1987.

32.
Examination of President Nixon’s Tax Returns for 1969 Through 1972
, Report, Joint Committee on Internal Revenue Taxation, 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (April 3, 1974); HJC,
Statement of Information
, 10:1–19, 12:2–82; Mildred Stegall to Lyndon Johnson, November 5, 1969, “Post-Presidential Names File,” Lyndon B. Johnson Papers, LBJ Library; Michael Bloomer to Edward Hutchinson, July 12, 1974, Hutchinson MS, FL;
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, 1005–08;
NYT
, July 24, 30, 1973, May 2, 1976, May 25, September 7, November 18, 1979;
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, November 17, 1973, 956; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:515–27;
PPPUS:RN, 1972
, June 22, 1972, 529–30. The story of how the National Archives official discovered the illegal back dating is recounted in Transcript,
U.S. v. DeMarco
, September 25, 1975, 1021–68, WGSPF Records, NA. For an example of skirting the issue of treating presidential papers as private property, see the exchange between Senator Inouye and Gordon Strachan during the earlier Select Committee proceedings: SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2487–88.

33.
WGSPF,
Final Report, 1977
(Washington, 1977), 43–62; Thomas O’Neill (with William Novak),
Man of the House: The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O’Neill
(New York, 1987), 235–38. President Reagan pardoned Steinbrenner in 1989.

34.
Laird Interview, June 27, 1985; Moorer Interview, June 25, 1985; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1078, 100, 77–78, 105, 535, 536, 1071,
et passim
; TT, the President, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman, April 14, 1973 (8:55
A.M.
–11:31
A.M.
), Nixon Papers, Box 172, NP;
Milwaukee Journal
, April 7, 1985.

35.
Garment to the President, November 24, 1973, Garment MS, LC;
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, “Address to the Nation About Policies to Deal with the Energy Shortage” (November 7, 1973), 916–22.

36.
Garment Interview, May 29, 1985; Clarence Kelley,
Kelley: The Story of an FBI Director
(Kansas City, 1987), 117–20.

37.
Gazit Interview, December 29, 1985.

38.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 77–78.

39.
Armand Hammer and Neil Lyndon,
Hammer
(New York, 1987), 409.

40.
USIA,
Digest of Foreign Newspaper Comment:
British Commercial Television, May 2, 1973; [London]
Times
, May 14, 1973;
Japan Times
, May 2, 1973; [Rotterdam]
Handels-blad
, May 2, 1973; [Vienna]
Die Presse
, July 30, 1973; [Hamburg]
Die Zeit
, August 3, 1973; [Oslo]
Aftenposten
, August 10, 1973. “Psychological Assessment,” London to Washington, December 7, 1973, USIA Papers.

41.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:435; Richard M. Nixon,
No More Vietnams
(New York, 1985). See Chapter XXII,
infra.

42.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:535–36;
Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 1973
(Washington, 1974), 906.

43.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 255; James Bryce,
The American Commonwealth
(paperback ed., New York, 1961), 91;
Time
, November 12, 1973; Hedley Donovan,
Roosevelt to Reagan
(New York, 1985), 127.

44.
NYT
, December 13, 20, 1973.

45.
O’Neill,
Man of the House
, 249–52; Petersen Interview, August 23, 1985.

46.
Zeifman Interview, February 5, 1986; Cates Interview, February 6, 1988; Franklin Polk to Edward Hutchinson, October 26, November 20, 1973, Hutchinson MS, FL, offered a Republican view of Cates’s appointment; O’Neill,
Man of the House
, 256.

47.
“Impeachment” File, Dixon MS, Washington University Library; additional Dixon materials are in the files of the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice; J. Woodford Howard, Jr., to Author, June 29, 1987. On January 15, 1974, Howard met with Dixon, who reported that he and his staff had been working on the problem.

48.
Coincidentally, as Congress moved into the impeachment inquiry, two scholarly works appeared to question the received wisdom on the Johnson and Chase trials. See Michael Les Benedict,
The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson
(New York, 1973); Raoul Berger,
Impeachment: The Constitutional Problems
(Cambridge, 1973). Berger justified the Chase impeachment, believing he deserved conviction, but curiously repeated the traditional accounts condemning Johnson’s trial.

1.
Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 2:537–40.

2.
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, “State of the Union Address” (January 30, 1974), 47–55;
NYT
, February 1, 1974. Twelve years later, Senator Mansfield stated that he would “let my public statements stand.” Mansfield to Author, March 8, 1986. Leon Jaworski, Oral History Memoir, The Texas Collection, Baylor University, 2:551.

3.
Vladimir N. Pregelj (Foreman) to Richard Nixon, January 30, 1974; St. Clair to Pregelj, January 31, 1974, Jaworski MS, Texas Collection, Baylor University; Pregelj Interview, February 10, 1988.

4.
St. Clair Interview, April 10, 1987;
NYT
, January 5, 1974.

5.
Jessica Mitford,
The Trial of Dr. Spock
(New York, 1979), 77; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:563; Leon Jaworski,
The Right and the Power
(New York, 1976), 84; St. Clair Interview, April 10, 1987; Liebman Interview, June 14, 1988.

6.
Bull Interview, May 7, 1987; Kelley to Jaworski, March 13, 1974, Jaworski MS, Baylor University; James Doyle,
Not Above the Law
(New York, 1977), 341–43; Jerry Jones to Haig, June 24, 1974, SSF, Box 157, NP.

7.
Garment Interviews, May 29, 1985, April 12, 1988; Bull Interview, May 7, 1987; Dent Interview, September 24, 1986; Mrs. J. Fred Buzhardt Interview, September 25, 1986; Lichenstein
Interviews, February 7, July 16, 1986; “Chronology,” December 12, 1973, Garment MS, LC; Jaworski Oral History Memoir, 2:572–73;
Executive Privilege, Secrecy in Government, Freedom of Information
, Hearings, Subcommittees … of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (April 10, 1973), 2.

8.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:535–36.

9.
Samuel Dash,
Chief Counsel
(New York, 1976), 256–57;
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, 5–7; Sam Ervin,
The Whole Truth
(New York, 1980), 222.

10.
Jaworski Oral History Memoir, 2:555; Jaworski, “Observations on the ‘Memoirs’ of Richard Nixon,” undated typescript, Jaworski Papers; Mitchell Interview, February 9, 1988.

11.
Jaworski Oral History Memoir, 2:483; “Memorandum,” Jaworski to Watergate File, January 15, 1974, Jaworski MS.

12.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:544–45; Jaworski to St. Clair, January 9, 22, February 1, 27, March 12, 1974; St. Clair to Jaworski, February 4, 27, 1974, Jaworski MS; Jaworski,
The Right and the Power
, 87–94; Richard Ben-Veniste and George Frampton,
Stonewall: The Real Story of the Watergate Prosecution
(New York, 1977), 216–17; Doyle,
Not Above the Law
, 314.

13.
Undated memoranda, regarding February and May meetings with Haig, Jaworski MS.

14.
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, Press Conference, February 25, 1974, 109;
NYT
, January 30, 1974.

15.
NYT
, February 27, 1974; St. Clair to Jaworski, February 4, 1974, Jaworski MS;
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, March 6, 1974, 229–40; Ben-Veniste and Frampton,
Stonewall
, 264; Jaworski to St. Clair, April 11, 1974, Jaworski MS.

16.
NYT
, March 20, 1974;
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, 295.

17.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:566–67; St. Clair to Doar, April 9, 1974; Rodino to Nixon, April 11, 1974, Hutchinson MS, FL; Geller to the Files, Haig Interview, July 3, 1975, Bluebook Investigation, WGSPF Records, National Archives.

18.
PPPUS:RN, 1974
, 389–97; Jaworski, Oral History Memoir, 2:482.

19.
Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
(April-June 1974), 6:460;
Congressional Record
, 93 Cong., 2 Sess. (April 30, 1974), 12270ff.

20.
NYT
, May 2 (Safire), 4, 29 (Graham), 1974;
WSJ
, May 6, 1974;
WP
, May 2, 1974 (Alsop);
Los Angeles Times
, May 10, 1974;
Detroit News
, May 17, 1974; Joseph Spear,
Presidents and the Press
(Cambridge, 1984), 206–07, 211, 213; Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang,
The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press, and the Polls During Watergate
(New York, 1983), 123–26;
Los Angeles Times
, January 1, 1975 (Graham).

21.
TT (Drafts), April 14, April 17, 1973, NPF, Boxes 170, 171, NP; Jimmy Breslin,
How the Good Guys Finally Won
(paperback ed., New York, 1975), 143; Dixon Interview, January 24, 1985.

22.
George Allen to Nixon, May 10, 1974; Woods to Nixon, May 13, 1974, NPF, Box 8, NP; Luce to Nixon, May 22, 1974, NPF, Box 19, NP.

23.
Bull Interview, May 7, 1987;
NYT
, May 10, 1974; Laird Interview, June 27, 1985;
Roanoke Times
, July 27, 1975; Julie Nixon Eisenhower,
Pat Nixon: The Untold Story
(New York, 1986), 409.