The Wars of Watergate (132 page)

34.
TT, Telephone Conversation, Ehrlichman and Gray, March 27, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP; Khachigian Memo, April 14, 1973, and Khachigian to Higby, April 16, 1973, Haldeman Papers, Box 181, NP.

35.
William Timmons to Haldeman, March 29, 1973, Haldeman Papers, Box 47, NP; “Potential Matters for Discussion with Senator Baker,” n.d., John Dean File, NPF, Box 7, NP; Dash,
Chief Counsel
, 112, 153–54; TT, Telephone Conversation, Colson and Nixon, March 21, 1973,
WP
, May 1, 1977; TT, the President, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman, April 14, 1973 (8:55
A.M.
–11:31
A.M.
), Nixon Papers, Box 172, NP; Ehrlichman Notes, March 29, 30, April 6, 16, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 14, NP; TT, Telephone Conversation, Ehrlichman and Baker, April 16, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP; Bull Interview, May 7, 1987.

36.
Dash,
Chief Counsel
, 89, 95–98, 101–03, 118; Ervin,
The Whole Truth
, 25, 115; Fred D. Thompson,
At That Point in Time
(New York, 1975), 43; Minutes, May 2, 8, 1973, SSC Records, NA.

37.
Buchanan to Nixon, May 4, 1973, NPF, Box 6, NP.

38.
Minutes, February 21, 1973, SSC Records, NA.

39.
Higgins, “Judge Who Tried Harder,” 100.

40.
Thompson,
At That Point in Time
, 25–26, 46–48; Dash,
Chief Counsel
, 46–47, 55–56; Higgins, “Judge Who Tried Harder,” 99–100.

41.
Higgins, “Judge Who Tried Harder,” 99–100.

42.
Ehrlichman Notes, November 29, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 7, NP; Transcript, Telephone Conversation, Ehrlichman and Ervin, January 8, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 28, NP; Ehrlichman Notes, February 16, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 114, NP; Ervin,
The Whole Truth
, 25–26.

43.
Dash,
Chief Counsel
, 87.

44.
NYT
, May 11, 17, 25, 26, 1973;
WP
, May 18, 19, 1973.

45.
WP
, May 22, 1973;
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, “Statements about the Watergate Investigation,” (May 22, 1973), 547–55; (April 17, 1973), 298–99.

46.
Ehrlichman Notes, February 5, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 14, NP; Ehrlichman to Dean, March 22, 1973, Dean Papers, Box 7, NP;
Executive Privilege
, Hearings, Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations and Subcommittee on Separation of Powers, U.S. Senate, 93 Cong., 1 Sess. (April 10, 1973), 18–52.

1.
Minutes, June 5, 1973, SSC Records, NA. Various participants have described the hearings from their perspectives, including Ervin, Dash, Thompson, Dean, Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Magruder, Stans, and Kleindienst. Mary McCarthy,
The Mask of State
(New York, 1975) has some vivid characterizations, as does the novelist and former prosecutor George V. Higgins, “The Judge Who Tried Harder,”
Atlantic
, April 1974, 83–106. Higgins (106) summed up the hearings as a “lame imitation” of the work of the U.S. Attorney, the FBI, and the grand jury; “it was not a good job,” he concluded.

2.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:1–9, 8:3181.

3.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:27, 82.

4.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:128–243.

5.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:267–91.

6.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:159–60, 167, 128–33.

7.
SSC,
Hearings
, 1:358–72.

8.
Ruckelshaus Address, Columbus, Ohio, June 8, 1973, Department of Justice Press Release.

9.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:568–85.

10.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:632–78.

11.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:726–81.

12.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:489–530.

13.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:818.

14.
SSC,
Hearings
, 2:785–875.

15.
Minutes, June 5, 1973, SSC Records, NA;
WP
, June 17, 1973.

16.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1434–35.

17.
SSC,
Hearings
, 3:991–1020. Higby Interviews, May 11, June 24, 1973, SSC Records, NA; Bull Interview, May 7, 1987; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston, 1982) 113; Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 2:336–40.

18.
SSC,
Hearings
, 3:914, 1030.

19.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1389, 1407–08, 1460–61.

20.
Larry Speakes,
Speaking Out: Inside the Reagan White House
(New York, 1988), 40; SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1412–51. A few weeks later, White House lawyers prepared a memo, popularly known as “Golden Boy,” again attempting to discredit Dean’s testimony. Garment MS, LC.

21.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1466–67, 1469, 1488, 1493–94, 1507–08.

22.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1496–1505.

23.
SSC,
Hearings
, 3:1085–86; 4:1515, 1518–19, 1599.

24.
WP
, July 5, May 19, June 7, 13, 1973.

25.
Nixon to Haig, July 7, 1973, NPF, Box 4, NP.

26.
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, 636–39; SSC,
Hearings
, 5:1937–38; Minutes, July 12, 1973, SSC Records, NA.

27.
Rowland Evans, Jr., and Robert D. Novak,
Nixon in the White House
(New York, 1971), 28; Ehrlichman Notes, April 24, 1973, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 14, NP; SSC,
Hearings
, 3:1050;
ibid.
, 4:1754;
WP
, June 29, 1973. Years later, Mitchell remained troubled by the origins of the memo. Mitchell Interview, December 30, 1987.

28.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1653–55; 5:1856.

29.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1606–19.

30.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1625–26, 1653. Magruder Telephone Interview, December 2, 1987; Dent Interview, October 31, 1986.

31.
SSC,
Hearings
, 4:1666, 1678, 5:1817, 1829, 1835, 1895.

32.
Higby Interview, May 11, 1973, SSC Records, NA; Washington Field Office to Acting Director, FBI, June 17, 1972, FBI Watergate Papers; Hoopes to Ehrlichman, September 14, 1972; Todd Hullin to Hoopes, September 19, 1972; Butterfield to Hullin, September 19, 1972, Ehrlichman Papers, Box 13, NP.

33.
Interview Report, with Addendum: Alexander P. Butterfield, July 13, 16, 1973, SSC Records, NA, corrected copies in Butterfield Papers, FL; original report in SSC Records, NA; Armstrong Interview, February 9, 1987. The Secret Service version of the origins of the taping system is in the WGSPF Raymond Zumwalt Interview, October 31, 1973, copy in Buzhardt MS, courtesy of Mrs. J. F. Buzhardt.

34.
SSC,
Hearings
, 5:2090; Dash Interview, February 5, 1986; John Dean,
Blind Ambition
(New York, 1976), 332; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:449.

35.
Fred D. Thompson,
At That Point in Time
(New York, 1975), 84; Helms Interview, July 14, 1988; TT, the President and Haldeman, April 26, 1973 (8:55
A.M.
–10:20
A.M.
),
WP
, May 1, 1977.

36.
Nixon to Shultz, July 16, 1973, SSC Records, NA; SSC,
Hearings
, 5:2136–37, 6:2478–82, 2486, 7:2657–61; Minutes, November 6, 1973, SSC Records, NA; Sam Ervin,
The Whole Truth
(New York, 1980), 258. The White House’s legal strategy was outlined in a memorandum from Buzhardt, Garment, and Wright to the President, July 24, 1973, Garment MS, LC.

37.
SSC,
Hearings
, 5:2092, 2107–17, 2167–70, 2122–23, 2127, 2130–31, 2153–56, 2172–75.

38.
SSC,
Hearings
, 5:2277–88, 3106–11, 3126–38 (LaRue); 5:2224, 2226, 2247–48, 2263 (Ulasewicz).

39.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2438–39, 2488–89, 2477–78.

40.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2450–51, 2503, 2491.

41.
Krogh Interview, August 20, 1986;
Manchester Guardian
, June 4, 1987. For some examples of Ehrlichman’s clashes with Dash, Ervin, Inouye, and Weicker, see SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2537–38, 2624–25, 2632–33, 7:2671–72.

42.
“Witness Estimates,” n.d., Buzhardt MS, courtesy of Mrs. J. F. Buzhardt.

43.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2529–30.

44.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2541–43, 2545–47, 2643–45.

45.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6, 2600–01. Ervin subsequently noted William Pitt the Elder’s precise remark: “The poorest man in his cottage may bid defiance to all the forces of the crown. It may be frail, its roof may shake, the wind may blow through it, the storm may enter, the rain may enter, but the King of England cannot enter. All his force dares not cross the threshold of the ruined tenements.” 6:2631.

46.
SSC,
Hearings
, 6:2608, 2613, 2619–22, 2746–47.

47.
SSC,
Hearings
, 7:2864–66.

48.
SSC,
Hearings
, 7:2867, 3021.

49.
SSC,
Hearings
, 7:2868–69. See Chapter IV,
supra.

50.
SSC,
Hearings
, 7:2874–82; 8:3079–81, 3171–74, 3189–90, 3151–53.

51.
SSC,
Hearings
, 7:2893–94; 8:3050–61, 3065–67, 3082–87, 3090, 3107–09, 3122–23, 3114–15, 3164–65, 3207–08. Samuel Dash,
Chief Counsel
(New York, 1976), 197.

52.
SSC,
Hearings
, 8:3130–32, 3227. Haldeman’s 1987 view was quoted in
Newsday
, November 20, 1987. “The answers to the unanswered Watergate questions lie in other directions [than Haldeman’s papers]—and I do hope you are able to find out where because so far no one else seems to have done so.” Haldeman to Author, September 17, 1985.

53.
SSC,
Hearings
, 8:3198, 3181, 3169–71, 3200–01, 3227–29, 3231–32;
NYT
, July 26, August 2, 3, 1973.

54.
The poll data are taken from corresponding dates in the
New York Times
or the
Washington Post.
Gladys Engel Lang and Kurt Lang,
The Battle for Public Opinion: The President, the Press, and the Polls During Watergate
(New York, 1983), 53–90, offers some analysis of the surveys.

55.
William C. Berman,
William Fulbright and the Vietnam War: The Dissent of a Realist
(Kent, OH, 1988), 176–78;
National Review
, August 17, 1973.

1.
PPPUS:RN, 1973
, August 15, 1973, televised speech and additional written statement, 690–703;
ibid.
, August 22, 1973 News Conference, 710–25.

2.
Buzhardt, Garment, and Wright to the President, August 22, 1973, Garment MS, LC;
NYT
, August 18, 1973;
National Review
, August 3, 1973.

3.
Richard Nixon,
RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(paperback ed., New York, 1979), 2:451–52; Agnew Interview, January 14, 1989; Agnew to Author, February 1, 1989; Moley to Rose Mary Woods, July 16, 1973, NPF, Box 12, NP; Dr. Arnold A. Hutschneker to Nixon, July 3, 1973, NPF, Box 188, NP.

4.
WP
, July 17, 1973; Samuel Dash,
Chief Counsel
(New York, 1976), 179–80; Laird Interview, June 27, 1985.

5.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:452; TT, Nixon and Haldeman, April 26, 1973, in
WP
, May 1, 1977.

6.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:452–55.

7.
Spiro Agnew,
Go Quietly … Or Else
(New York, 1980), 87; Nixon quoted in
Newsweek
, April 16, 1985, 37; Garment Interview, April 29, 1986; Robert Pack,
Edward Bennett Williams: For the Defense
(New York, 1983), 19. The leading precedent at that time indicating that destruction of the tapes would have constituted an obstruction of justice was
U.S. v. Solow
, 138 F. Supp. 812 (S.D.N.Y., 1956).

8.
Julie Nixon Eisenhower,
Pat Nixon: The Untold Story
(New York, 1986), 380; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:545–46.

9.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:452; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston, 1982), 111–13. Nixon and Haldeman offered various explanations in their memoirs for why they created the taping system. Haldeman later offered another version: “The Nixon White House Tapes: The Decision to Record Presidential Conversations,”
Prologue
(Summer 1988), 20:79–87.

10.
Ervin to Nixon, July 23, 1973, Nixon to Ervin, July 26, 1973, SSC Records, NA;
NYT
and
WP
, July 18, 24, 26, 27, August 23, 30, 1973;
In re Grand Jury Subpoena to Nixon
, 360 F. Supp. 1 (1973); Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:460–61.

11.
Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:461–65; Jonathan Moore to Richardson, July 9, 1973, Richardson MS, LC; Richardson Interview, May 14, 1985; Elliot Richardson,
The Creative Balance:
Government, Politics, and the Individual in America’s Third Century
(New York, 1976), 16, 26–27;
WP
, July 25, 1973.

12.
Joseph Spear,
Presidents and the Press: The Nixon Legacy
(Cambridge, MA, 1984), 193; Nixon,
Memoirs
, 2:456. In his memoirs, Nixon berated CBS for its repetition of the film but never said why the network found it necessary.
Ibid.
, 528.

13.
TT, the President, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman, April 14, 1973 (8:55
A.M.
–11:31
A.M.
), Nixon Papers, Box 172, NP; Jonathan Moore to Richardson, July 9, 1973, Richardson MS, LC; Richardson Interview, May 14, 1985.