The Unmaking of Israel (39 page)

232
opposition to leaving will be greatest:
International Crisis Group, “Israel’s Religious Right and the Question of Settlements,”
Middle East Report
89 (20 July 2009): 2, www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Israel%20Palestine/89_israels_religious_right_and_the_question_of_settlements.ashx, acc. 11 Aug. 2009.

233
“Maybe I’ll lay down my life”:
Cheftziba Skali, interview.

233
“any other level” of resistance:
Yisrael Ariel, interview.

233 “
also acted under orders”:
Rabbi Nachum Rabinovitch, dean of the Birkat Moshe
hesder
yeshivah in the settlement of Ma’aleh Adumim, in a 1995 conversation with Orthodox peace activist Yitzhak Frankenthal. Frankenthal recorded the conversation. Quotations here are from a translation of the full conversation prepared in 1997 for a British court in the case of
Rabbi Rabinovitch v. Peter Halban Publishers Ltd
.

235
four-fifths Jewish majority:
At the end of 2009, the population of Israel, including West Bank settlers and not including Palestinian residents of East Jerusalem, was 78.3 percent Jewish, 17.4 percent Arab, and 4.3 percent “other”—a category in official figures that refers to non-Jews, mainly immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who are socially part of the Jewish majority. National population figures: Central Bureau of Statistics,
Statistical Abstract 2010
, table 2.1. Arab population of Jerusalem: Jerusalem Institute of Israel Studies,
2009–2010 Statistical Yearbook
, jiis.org/.upload/web%20C0409.xls, acc. 13 Jan. 2011.

237
Hebrew shaped by Arabic:
I am grateful to my Arabic-speaking son for his comments on this.

238
protecting Jews from destruction:
Gans,
Just Zionism
75–79.

239
will have constitutional status:
I deliberately do not refer here to enacting a full written constitution, which is too often seen by jurists and scholars as a panacea for Israeli democracy. The danger exists today, as at independence, of enacting foolish compromises in order to ratify a constitution. An example is the draft “Constitution by Consensus” proposed by the Israel Democracy Institute, a think tank (www.idi.org.il/PublicationsCatalog/Pages/Consti/index.htm, accessed 7 Jan. 2009). On one hand, the draft includes a laudable bill of rights. On the other, to assuage the right and the clerical parties, it excludes the major issues of religion and state from judicial review, gives constitutional status to the current flag and anthem, and places a version of the Law of Return in the constitution.

239
“no greater degradation”:
Yeshayahu Leibowitz,
Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992): 176.

239
38 percent in developed countries:
Steve Crabtree and Brett Pelham, “What Alabamians and Iranians Have in Common,”
Gallup
, 9 Feb. 2009, www.gallup.com/poll/114211/Alabamians-Iranians-Common.aspx, acc. 3 Feb. 2009; Steve Crabtree, “Analyst Insights: Religiosity around the World,”
Gallup
, 9 Feb. 2009, www.gallup.com/video/114694/Analyst-Insights-Religiosity-Around-World.aspx, acc. 3 Feb. 2009.

240
religious innovation and variety:
Brenda Brasher, interview.

240
starting with paying clergy:
Leibowitz,
Judaism
178.

240
to perform the ceremony:
The U.S. approach is based on a conception of a cleric performing a sacrament that creates the marriage. In Judaism, a rabbi does not perform the sacrament of marriage; the couple does that. The rabbi is present to ensure that the ceremony is performed properly. Technically speaking, the same role could be filled by someone who is not ordained.

241
a shared foundation for identity:
The average religious Zionist parent in Israel today would object that the financial burden of paying for religious education is too great. Yet today those parents, like other Israelis, pay much of the cost of basic education: they must buy their children’s textbooks, pay tutors to make up for abysmal schools, and often pay extra fees for what should be part of free education. I recommend cutting the pie differently: the state will fulfill its obligation to provide general education, and parents will pay for additional hours to pass on their religious values to their children.

242
particular obligation to Jews:
This section draws on Gans,
Just Zionism
, chap. 5.

245
ethnicity contained a religious element:
CA 72/62.

Bibliography

Archives

Gush Etzion Archive

Israel Defense Forces Archive

Israel State Archive

Knesset Archive

Menachem Begin Heritage Center Archives

Merom Golan Archive

Midreshet Eretz Yisrael—Makhon Reshit

National Archives and Records Administration (College Park, Maryland)

Neveh Tzuf Archive

Ofrah Archive

Registrar of Nonprofit Organizations

Yad Levi Eskhol

Yad Tabenkin Archive/Hakibbutz Hame’uhad Archive

Books, Articles, and Documents

Titles are in the original language, with English translations when provided by the publisher. Hebrew publishers often do not provide place of publication. Where the publisher gave only the Hebrew date, the civil date is in brackets.

Admoni, Yehiel.
Asor Shel Shikul Da’at: Hahityashvut Me’ever Lekav Hayarok, 1967–1977
(Decade of Discretion: Settlement Policy in the Territories, 1967–1977). Makhon Yisrael Galili Leheker Hakoah Hamagen/Yad Tabenkin/Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, 1992.

Allon, Yigal. Oral history. Israel State Archives 154.0/1-19/5001/19-22-Alef. Twenty-three interviews, conducted 1979 by the Davis Institute of the Hebrew University.

Amar, Shlomo. “Klalei Hadiun Bevakashot Legiur.” 17 Shvat, 5766 (15 Feb. 2006).

Anderson, Benedict.
Imagined Communities
. London: Verso, 2006.

Aran, Gideon. “From Religious Zionism to Zionist Religion: The Roots of Gush Emunim.”
Studies in Contemporary Jewry
2 (1986): 116–43.

Arieli, Shaul, and Michael Sfard.
Homah Umehdal: Geder Hahafradah—Bitahon O Hamdanuti
(The Wall of Folly). Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Aliyat Hagag, 2008.

Aron, Raymond.
Hatragediah Ha’aljirit
(La Tragedie Algérienne), Hebrew edition, with afterword by Emmanuel Sivan. Tel Aviv: Sifrei Aliyat Gag, 2005.

Asch, Sholem.
God of Vengeance
. In
The Great Jewish Plays
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Association for Civil Rights in Israel.
Knesset 2010 Winter Session: Expectations and Concerns
. Oct. 2009.

B. [full name not given] “Mekomam Shel Hovshei Hakipot Bapikud Hatakti Shel Tzahal.”
Ma’arakhot
432 (2010): 50.

Bareli, Avi.
Mapai Bereishit Ha’atzma’ut, 1948–1953
. Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, 2007.

Baron, Binyamin. “Ve’ein Shi’ur Rak Hatorah Hazot.”
Eretz Aheret
. Sept.–Oct 2007: 56–65.

Bashan, Anat. “Hadakah Hatishim.”
Korim 100
, 9 Aug. 2005. www.police.gov.il/meida_laezrach/pirsomim/KitveiEt/Documents/daka90.pdf. Accessed 17 Nov., 2009.

Ben-Ami, A., ed.
Hakol: Gvulot Hashalom Shel Eretz Yisrael
[Hakol: The Peace Frontiers of Israel]. Tel Aviv: Madaf, 1967.

Ben-David, Dan.
Israel’s Labor Market: Today, in the Past and in Comparison with the West
. Jerusalem: Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel, 2010.

Ben-Gurion, David.
Medinat Yisrael Hamehudeshet
. Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1969.

Ben-Horin, Michael, ed.
Baruch Hagever: Sefer Zikaron Lekadosh Dr. Baruch Goldstein
. Jerusalem: Yehudah, 5755 (1994–95).

Benziman, Uzi.
Yerushalayim: Ir Lelo Homah
(Jerusalem: City Without a Wall). Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1973.

Benziman, Uzi, and Atallah Mansour.
Dayyarei Mishneh
(Subtenants). Jerusalem: Keter, 1992.

Berman, Paul.
A Tale of Two Utopias: The Political Journey of the Generation of 1968
. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996.

Billig, Miriam, Dan Soen, and S. Sorkraut. “Bnei Dor Hahemshekh Beyishuvim Hakehillati’im Beshomron Uvinyamin Venitioteheim Bevehirat Mekom Megurim Le’aher Hanisu’im” (Second-Generation Young people in the Shomron Region and Their Place Attachment),
Mehkarei Yehudah Veshomron
, 10. Ariel, West Bank: Research Institute, College of Judea and Samaria, 2001.

Blass, Nachum.
Israel’s Educational System: A Domestic Perspective
. Jerusalem: Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel, 2010.

Blum, Yehuda Zvi. “Tzion Bemishpat Beinle’umi Nifdetah.”
Hapraklit
27 (1971): 315–24.

Borstein, Etti. “Noar Hagva’ot: Ben Hemshekhiut Lemered.” www.articles.co.il/article/4793. Accessed 21 May 2009.

Boyd, Stephen M. “The Applicability of International Law to the Occupied Territories.”
Israel Yearbook on Human Rights
1 (1971): 258–61.

Brenner, Uri.
Altalena: Mehkar Medini Utzva’i
(Altalena: A Political and Military study). Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 1978.

Center for Women’s Justice. “The Problem and Our Solutions.” www.cwj.org.il/the-problem-and-our-solutions. Accessed 1 Dec. 2010.

Cohen, Bezalel.
Economic Hardship and Gainful Employment in Haredi Society in Israel: An Insider’s Perspective
. Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 2006.

Cohen, Hillel.
Good Arabs: The Israeli Security services and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967
. Trans. Haim Watzman. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2010.

Cohen, Stuart A. “Dilemmas of Military service in Israel: The Religious Dimension.”
Tora u-Madda Journal
12 (2004): 1–23.

——— . “Tensions Between Military service and Jewish Orthodoxy In Israel: Implications Imagined and Real.”
Israel Studies
12.1 (2007): 103–26.

——— . “Relationships between Religiously Observant and Other Troops in the IDF: Vision Versus Reality.” In
The Relationship of Orthodox Jews with Believing Jews of Other Religious Ideologies and Non-Believing Jews
. Ed. Adam Mintz. New York: KTAV, 2010.

“The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.” 14 May 1948. www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm. Accessed 26 Sept. 2010.

Demant, Peter Robert.
Ploughshares into Swords: Israeli Settlement Policy in the Occupied Territories, 1967–1977
. Ph.D. diss., Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1988.

Diamond, Jared.
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
. New York: Viking, 2004.

Dinstein, Yoram. “Tzion Bemishpat Beinle’umi Tipadeh.”
Hapraklit
27 (1971): 5–11.

Don Yehiya, Eliezer. “The Book and the Sword: The Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel.” In
Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements
. Ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Chicago: Fundamentalism Project, University of Chicago Press, 1994.

———.
Mashber Utmurah Bemedinah Hadashah: Hinukh, Dat Upolitikah Bama’avak Al Ha’aliyah Hagdolah
. (Crisis and Change in a New State: Education, Religion, and Politics in the Struggle over the Absorption of Mass Immigration in Israel). Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2008.

Douer, Yair.
Lanu Hamaggal Hu Herev II
(Our Sickle Is Our Sword: Nahal Settlements from 1967 until 1992). Ministry of Defense and Yad Tabenkin, 1997.

Drori, Ze’ev.
Bein Emunah Letzava: Gedud Hanahal Haharedi—Sikkuim Vesikkunim
(Between Faith and Military service: The Haredi Nahal Battalion). Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 2005.

Eisenstadt, David E.
Hatmurot Bigvulot Ha’ironiim (Municipaliim) shel Yerushalayim, 1863–1967
(The Evolution of Jerusalem’s Municipal Boundaries, 1863–1967). MA thesis, Bar-Ilan University, 1998.

Eldar, Akiva, and Idith Zertal.
Adonei Ha’aretz: Hamitnahalim Umedinat Yisrael, 1967–2004
(Lords of the Land: The Settlers and the State of Israel, 1967–2004). Tel Aviv: Kinneret, Zmora Bitan, Dvir, 2004.

Endewald, Miri, et al.
2008: Poverty and Social Gaps, Annual Report
. Jerusalem: National Insurance Institute, 2009.

Felner, Eitan, and Roly Rozen.
Law Enforcement on Israeli Civilians in the Occupied Territories
. Jerusalem: B’Tselem, 1994.