The Unmaking of Israel (35 page)

128
only about 4,000 people:
Ofran, “Outpost List.”

129
with Western culture:
Ehrlich, interview.

129
began families in the outposts:
Etti Borstein, “Noar Hagva’ot: Ben Hemshekhiut Lemered,” www.articles.co.il/article/4793, acc. 21 May 2009; Hanoch Daum, “Dor Hakipot Hagruziniot,”
Nekuda
, October 1999, 12–15; Yisrael and Noa Ariel, interview; Skali, interview; Zar, interview; anonymous interviewees at outposts.

129
not surprisingly, are rare:
Yavne,
Semblance
, 42, 45, 47, 83, 103–6, 108–10, 112–20; Shifra Elbaz-Rivkin, “Haguru. Zakai,”
Hatzofeh
, Jan. 2005,www.hazofe.co.il/web/katava6.asp?id=41175, acc. 20 Nov. 2010; “Beit Hamishpat Zikah Et Avri Ran,”
Arutz Sheva
, 16 Jan. 2006, www.shechem.org/interact/publish/article_204.shtml, acc. 20 Nov. 2010.

130
the state promised to remove:
HCJ 6357/05, “Atirah Letzav Al Tnai Vetzav Benayim,” www.peacenow.org.il/data/SIP_STORAGE/ files/1/1151.doc, acc. 8 Feb. 2006; “Hahahlatah,” 8 Aug. 2005, elyon1.court.gov.il/files/05/570/063/R07/05063570.r07.pdf, acc. 8 Feb. 2006.

130
the houses were razed:
Ynet
, 1 Feb. 2006, www.ynetnews.com/articles/1,7340,L-3209023,00.html, www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3209281,00.html, acc. 1 Feb. 2006; Israeli Radio reports, 1 Feb. 2006.

131
“Connect to Torah”:
Gershom Gorenberg, “Religious Zionists Facing Deep Rifts after Evacuation of Amona Outpost,”
Forward
, 10 Feb. 2006.

131
ardor for outposts:
State Comptroller, Report 54b, 305–74, and Report 56a, 187–99; PS letter from M. Mazuz to cabinet members, 30 May 2006.

131
razed new buildings:
E.g., the demolition of a house at the Negohot outpost in Nov. 2009. Efrat Weiss, “Soldiers Again Protest Settlement Evacuation,”
Ynet
, 16 Nov. 2009, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3805871,00.html, acc. 16 Nov. 2009.

131
“We’ve never heard”:
Sasson, interview.

132
manufactured reasons not to act:
E.g., HCG 9051/05, Peace Now petition asking for demolition of illegal houses in the outposts of Hayovel and Hareshah, elyon1.court.gov.il/files/05/510/090/32n/05090510.32n.htm; HCG 3008/06, petition by Peace Now against the outposts Ramat Gilad, Givat Asaf, Ma’aleh Rehavam, Mitzpeh Lakhish, and Givat Haro’eh, elyon1.court.gov.il/files/06/080/030/P09/06030080.p09.pdf;HCJ 8887/06; HCJ 9060/08.

132
forty years after he died:
Matti Friedman, “West Bank Land Deal Leads to California,” Associated Press, 19 Dec. 2008. A copy of the notarized document, in my possession, states that “Abdel-Latif Hassaan Sumarin” signed it on 12 Feb. 2004. The purported signature of the notary, D. K. Shaw, looks nothing like his signature on a document filed with the clerk-recorder of Orange County, California. A document issued by a Palestinian Authority sharia court in 1998—also in my possession—certifies that Abdel Latif Sumarin died in 1961.

132
IDF
to remove Migron:
HCJ 8887/06, “Atirah Lematan Tzav al Tnai,” www.peacenow.org.il/data/SIP_STORAGE/files/0/2510.doc, acc. 16 Mar. 2009.

132
the state’s lawyer wrote:
HCJ 8887/06, “Teguvah Mikdamit Mita’am Hameshivim 1-4,” 17 Dec. 2006, www.peacenow.org.il/data/SIP_STORAGE/files/8/2638.pdf, acc. 16 Mar. 2009.

132
nearby settlement of Adam:
HCJ 8887/06, “Tatzhir Teshuvah Mita’am Hameshivim 1-4,” 1 Feb. 2009, www.peacenow.org.il/data/SIP_STORAGE/files/0/3990.pdf, acc. 16 Mar. 2009.

132
not shy in saying so:
Roni Genad, interview.

133
Migron stayed in place:
HCJ 8887/06, “Hahahlatah,” 15 Mar. 2010, elyon1.court.gov.il/files/06/870/088/n38/06088870.n38.pdf, acc. 10 Nov. 2010.

133
“nothing is ever done”:
Ynet
, 15 Sept. 2010, www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3954705,00.html, acc. 11 Nov. 2010. The case is HCJ 9060/08, elyon1.court.gov.il/files/08/600/090/n13/08090600.n13.pdf, acc. 24 Nov. 2010.

133
powerless to protect human rights:
In a February 2010 letter to Attorney General Yehudah Weinstein, former deputy attorney general Yehudit Karp listed a series of Supreme Court decisions that the government had failed to implement. Karp, “I-Tziut Hamedinah.”

134
“backbone of the army”:
Sasson, interview.

V. Disorderly Conduct

135
Moshe Botavia said no:
Details of the Botavia case are taken primarily from the military appeals court ruling, A144/06, and the Supreme Court ruling, PCA 5716/08. Botavia refused to be interviewed.

136
“values that he has grown up on”:
Hagit Rotenberg, “Ga’avat Yehidah,”
Besheva
, 22 Dec. 2005, www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/5220, acc. 14 Nov. 2010.

138
a universal draft:
Hok Sherut Bitahon, 1949.

138
“one’s ability to fight”:
Motti Golani, interview.

139
leadership and prominence:
Yagil Levy, “The Case of the al-Aqsa Intifada: The Linkage between Israel’s Military Policies and the Military’s Social Composition,”
American Behavioral Scientist
51.11 (2008): 1578; Yonathan Shapiro,
Illit Lelo Mamshikhim
(An Elite without Successors: Generations of Political Leaders in Israel) (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1984): 128–44; Yagil Levy,
Mitzava Ha’am Letzava Haperiferiot
(From “people’s Army” to “Army of the Peripheries”) (Jerusalem: Carmel, 2007): 39–45.

139
old ethic of self-sacrifice:
Yaron Ungar,
Gvulot Hatziut Vehasarbanut Lapekudah Hatzva’it
(Jerusalem: Knesset, Merkaz Hamehkar Vehameda, 2010); Yesh Gvul, www.yeshgvul.org/about_e.asp, acc. 12 June 2002; Gershom Gorenberg, “The Thin Green Line,”
Mother Jones
, Sept.–Oct. 2002.

140
new program for Orthodox men:
Drori,
Bein Emunah Letzava
(Between Faith and Military Service: The Haredi Nahal Battalion) (Jerusalem: Floersheimer Institute for Policy Studies, 2005): 14–15; Yagil Levy, “Yeshivot Bli Hesder,”
Ynet
, 14 July 2005, www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3112445,00.html, acc. 15 Aug. 2010; Menachem Klein,
Bar-Ilan: Akademiah, Dat Vepolitikah
(Bar-Ilan: University between Religion and Politics) (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1998): 141–43. The first
hesder
yeshivah, Kerem Beyavneh, was established in the 1950s, and an initial arrangement with the army began in 1959 as part of Nahal. The formal beginning of the
hesder
as an independent program, however, came only in 1965.

141
promoted religious radicalism:
Drori,
Bein Emunah Letzava
14–15; Stuart A. Cohen, “Dilemmas of Military service in Israel: The Religious Dimension,”
Tora u-Madda Journal
12 (2004): 9; Klein,
Bar-Ilan
, 141–44; B., “Mekomam Shel Hovshei Hakipot Bapikud Hatakti Shel Tzahal,”
Ma’arakhot
432 (2010): 50–57; Eliezer Don Yehiya, “The Book and the Sword: The Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel,” in
Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements
, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: Fundamentalism Project, University of Chicago Press, 1994): 271–90; Moshe Moskovic private papers, 7 July 1968 letter from Col. Dan Hiram to commander of Judea and Samaria Area and 11 Nov. 1968 letters to students and parents of Har Etzion Yeshivah; ISA 153.8/7920/7A, docs. 216–17; YLE 5/31, 3 Sept. 1968; Moshe Moskovic, interview; M. Menahem, “Hayeshivah El Mul Hakotel,”
Zra’im
, Nisan 5728 (Mar.–Apr. 1968): 6–7.

141
for top combat units:
“Toldot Hamekhinah,” www.bneidavid.org/show_item.asp?levelId=62596; “Mekhinah Kdam Tzva’it,” www.bneidavid.org/show_item.asp?levelId=62601&itemId=9, acc. 1 Dec. 2010.

142
secular society to the Orthodox:
Hagai Huberman, “Kumtah Srugah,”
Besheva,
8 July 2004, www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/3010, acc. 7 Dec. 2010.

142
preparing motivated soldiers:
Matti Friedman, “The Thirteenth Year,”
Jerusalem Report
, 15 Dec. 2003: 18.

142
there were thirty-six:
“Mekhinot Kdam Tzva’iot,” cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/Mechinot_Kdam/Odot/skira.htm, acc. 1 Dec., 2010.

142
graduates of religious schools:
Stuart A. Cohen, interview; B., “Mekomam” 50–57.

143
“people and the Land”:
Yossi
, privately published memorial book for Sgt. Yosef Weinstock: 142–43; “Sgt. Yosef Weinstock,” www.izkor.gov.il/HalalView.aspx?id=514375, acc. 11 Aug. 2010.

143
“martyrs” worthy of emulation:
See, for example,
Or Hame’ir
, privately published memorial booklet for First Sgt. Meir Shenwald, 2–3; “First Sgt. Meir Shenwald,” www.izkor.gov.il/HalalView.aspx?id=514285, acc. 11 Aug. 2010.

143
officers were Orthodox:
B., “Mekomam” 50–57. Since the army does not keep figures on how many recruits are Orthodox, the author of the article used statistics on graduates of Orthodox high schools as the best available substitute.

144
or of the Bnei David academy:
Lilach Shoval, “Golani Hoveshet Kippah,”
Yisrael Hayom
, 6 Jan. 2010: 11.

144
of Israel’s Jewish population:
Bamahaneh
, 1 Oct. 2010: 8, 51–53; Central Bureau of Statistics,
Statistical Abstract of Israel 2010
, table 2:7.

144
twice their proportion:
Stuart A. Cohen, “Tensions between Military service and Jewish Orthodoxy In Israel: Implications Imagined and Real,”
Israel Studies
12.2 (2007): 104; B., “Mekomam.”

146 “
into a black flag”:
Itai Haviv, interview.

147
“Tomorrow the objection”:
HCJ 7622/02.

147
return fugitive slaves:
F. N. Mono,
The Drinking Gourd
(New York: Harper & Row, 1970).

148
became a national issue:
The issue had briefly arisen earlier, before the IDF dismantled bases in order to withdraw from six West Bank cities at the end of 1995 under the Oslo II accord on expanded Palestinian autonomy. In July 1995 fifteen rabbis, including ex–chief rabbi Avraham Shapira and the deans of several
hesder
yeshivot, issued a ruling against dismantling the bases. After the pullout, army officials said they did not knew of any soldiers who had refused orders. However, according to one of the
hesder
rabbis who signed the ruling, the army avoided assigning
hesder
units to dismantling bases. The role of graduates of premilitary academies in the army was still small at the time. See “Psak Halakhah Be’inyan Seruv Pekudah,” www.yeshiva.org.il/midrash/shiur.asp?id=1978, acc. 12 Dec. 2010;
Ha’aretz
, 12 July 1995; Peter Hirschberg, “Soldiers Ignore Rabbis’ Ban on W. Bank Pullout,”
Jerusalem Report
, 25 Jan. 1996: 4.

148
“Heaven doesn’t want this”:
Rabbi Aharon Trop, “Gerush Yehudim Zo Averah,”
Besheva
, 15 Oct. 2004 (actual publication was on 14 Oct.), www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/3396, acc. 1 Dec. 2010.

148
“forbidden for any Jew”:
“Isur Hishtatfut Be’akirat Yishuvim Uma’ahazim,” 29 Tishrei 5765 (15 Oct. 2010), rotter.net/User_files/forum/gil/41716f560ab30a49.pdf, acc. 1 Dec. 2010.

148
twenty-four hesder
soldiers:
Arik Bender, “63 Sarbanim Bizman Hahitnatkut,”
NRG
, 7 Sept. 2005, www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/980/911.html, acc. 9 June 2010. An earlier report appearing in
Bamahaneh
, 23 Aug. 2005, said 163 soldiers disobeyed orders during the preparations and implementation of the disengagement, creating reason to question Halutz’s figures.

148
than with the disengagement:
Cohen, “Tensions” 103–26; Cohen, “Dilemmas” 12.

148
peace since the 1980s:
Menahem Rahat, “Nikra’im Bein Harabbanim,”
NRG
, 25 Oct. 2004, www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/804/492.html, acc. 24 Nov. 2010.

150
“the tent of Torah”:
Avihai Ronski, “Seruv Leseruv Pekudah,”
Besheva
, 28 May 2003, www.inn.co.il/Besheva/Article.aspx/1597, acc. 16 Dec. 2009.

150
carrying out such orders:
Shlomo Aviner, “Seruv Lo! Motivatzia Gam Lo!”
She’ilat Shlomo
, www.havabooks.co.il/article_ID.asp?id=65 (original publication date, according to secondary reports, was in late Oct. 2004), acc. 24 Nov. 2010.

150
nine of the Ten Commandments:
Shlomo Aviner, “Aseret Hadibrot Lamegaresh,”
She’ilat Shlomo
, www.havabooks.co.il/article_ID.asp?id=62 (original publication date, according to secondary reports, was 11 July 2005), acc. 24 Nov. 2010.

151 “
carry out this mission”:
Moshe Hagar, interview.