The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (131 page)

refugees and displaced persons, repatriation of 191

regional organizations 127, 198

resources 169–70, 202, 260, 503

Rwanda 109–10, 112–13

self-defence 22, 232, 233, 239, 429, 434, 449, 472

separation of military forces 191

Sierra Leone 23, 193, 197–8, 254, 469, 477–80, 486–8

source of power 180

Soviet Union 169–71

standing forces 103–10, 112–24, 126–7, 130

Suez crisis 292–3, 295–7, 305

traditional or classical peacekeeping 177, 178–82, 197, 202–4

SC Res. 1422 (2002) 164

types of war 21

UN Charter 7, 20, 88, 180, 187, 194

unanimity 193

Uniting for Peace Resolution 168–73

United Kingdom 198, 199

United States 115, 545–6

use of force 88, 126–7, 130, 176, 180–1, 186, 200, 203

Pearson, Lester
293, 297

People’s Republic of China
see
China

Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier
184–5, 354–5, 372, 374–81, 415, 420

Permanent Mandates Commission of League of Nations
574, 576

Permanent Members
see
P5

Philippines, failure of insurgency in
504

Pires, Mário Lemos
349

Portugal

Angola 633–4

East Timor 346, 348–51, 356, 359, 551, 553

mercenaries 633–4

Powell, Colin
398, 400, 559–60, 605

precautionary principles
26

Prendergast, Kieran
360–1, 364, 404

Pretoria Agreement (2005)
483

Prevention of conflict
3, 16, 307, 395

SC Res. 1366 (2001) 523, 526

SC Res. 1625 (2005) 16

preventive action

genocide 109, 111–12

maintenance of international peace and security 35

peacekeeping operations 191

self-defence 98

UN Charter, limitation on use of force in 98

Yugoslavia, former 409–10

prisoners of war

Geneva Conventions 524, 530

Korean War 275–6

release of 524, 530

private military companies (PMCs)
see
mercenaries

private security companies (PSCs)
see
mercenaries

pro-democratic invasions 95

Prodi, Romano
397

prompt and effective action principle
78–9

Pronk, Jan
559

proper authority concept
26–7, 42

protected areas
see
safe areas

Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs)
462–3

provisional measures
7, 70, 91–2

public opinion
83, 145, 148, 255, 406, 491, 496, 557

Qadaffi, Muammar
217–18

Rabin, Yitzhak
314, 316

Ramos-Horta, José
348

RAMSI (Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands),
506

Raphael, Robin
456

rapid-response capability
99–100, 106–7, 114–30

2000, capabilities since 123–4

Bosnia and Herzegovina 450

Canadian study on rapid-reaction capability (1995) 118–19

Danish SHIRBRIG initiative (1995) 119–20

European Union 123–4

Netherlands Non-paper for UN Rapid Deployment Brigade (1995) 117–18, 120–1

regional capabilities 123–4, 130

UN Rapid Deployment Brigade within UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) 116–18, 196, 436, 450

Rau, Benegal
272–3

Reagan, Ronald
313

reconstruction

Afghanistan 459, 461–3

Bosnia and Herzegovina 511

Liberia 475

missions 24

Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) 462–3

Sierra Leone 480

territorial administration 577

UN Peacebuilding Commission 576

Red Cross, International Committee of the
426

reform of SC

composition 32–3, 81–3, 85

enlargement 32–5, 81–3, 90

legitimacy of SC decision-making 32–4

procedure 32

proposals for 32–4, 61, 81–3, 85

resolutions, number of votes on 32

semi-permanent members, proposal for 32

United States and 34

veto power 32

refugees and displaced persons

Arab-Israeli wars 320

Bosnia and Herzegovina 425–6, 446

camps, vulnerability of 512

Haiti 542, 544

humanitarian intervention, use of force for 554–5

humanitarian relief 512

India-Pakistan wars 339

Kurds 389, 390, 538

repatriation 191

Rwanda 111, 546

Somalia 540

UNRWA (UN Relief and Works Agency) 512

regional arrangements
see
regional arrangements to use force; regional organizations and arrangements

regional arrangements to use force

Afghanistan 228, 245

authorization by SC 226–47

Bosnia and Herzegovina, safe areas in 228, 232–42

control by SC 229–30

delegation by SC 228–32

Germany 230–1

humanitarian intervention 243–5

internal constraints 231–2

Kosovo 228, 242–4

League of Nations 227

management of international order 19

NATO 226–47

peacekeeping operations 127

reporting to SC 10

San Francisco discussions 227

self-defence 230–1

standing forces 127

UN Charter 227–31

veto, right of 246

regional organizations and arrangements

collective security 255

Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) 615–16

and creation of SC 64–5, 75, 77

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 505–6

great powers 139

humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 523

liaison with 254

peacekeeping operations 198

primacy of one country in 505–6

RAMSI (Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands) 506

rapid reaction capability 123–4, 130

standing forces 122–4, 127, 128, 130

terrorism 615–16

UN Charter 9–10, 90

United States 506

Warsaw Pact 505

reparations claims
388

reporting

to Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) 614–16, 618–20

by regional arrangements 10

SC Res. 1373 (2001) 614–15

self-defence, reporting of actions of 94

territorial administration 573–4

UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 94

resolutions
see
GA resolutions; SC resolutions

responsibility to protect
see also
humanitarian intervention

Darfur, Sudan 558, 559–60

humanitarian intervention 557–60

military occupations, international law on 587, 607

Rwanda 547

Rhodes Armistice (1949)
303

Rhodesia
88, 206

SC Res. 221 (1966) 206

SC Res. 455 (1979) 89

Roberts, Adam
68, 188, 519–20, 534, 536–7, 586

Robertson, NA
71–2

Roed-Larsen, Terje
314–17, 321, 323

Rogers, William P
309

role and functions of SC
see also
enforcement operations; maintenance of international peace and security; peacekeeping

activism and interventionism of SC 83–4

adjudicative function 521, 528–31, 533

collective legitimizer of use of force, SC as 26–32

enforcement 140, 143

executive functions 520–7, 570, 593

legislative functions 27, 34, 145, 404, 520, 521, 522, 532, 533, 570, 620–1

limitations 252

multiple threats, capacity to address 64–70

police function 143

prompt and effective action 78–9

range of powers and duties 1

territorial administration 567–8

Roosevelt, Franklin D
64–6, 74–8, 80, 493

Rose, Michael
203

Ruggie, John
30

rule of law
see
international law

Rumsfeld, Donald
396–7, 399–400, 462

Russia
see also
Soviet Union

Afghanistan 457

Bosnia and Herzegovina 236, 241, 427

great powers, SC and 141–2, 149

Iraq 389, 391, 393, 400–1, 539

Kosovo 438, 502

NATO 236, 241

sphere of influence 505

Stabilization Force (SFOR) 245

veto 502

Yugoslavia, former 417, 424

Rwanda
see also
ICTR; Operation Turquoise; UNAMIR; UNOMUR

arms embargoes 220