The Transformation of the World (264 page)

migration,
64
,
109
–
10
,
157
–
64

office as site of,
694
–
95

productivity growth,
907
–
8

ships as work sites,
694

slave (
See
slavery
)

social disciplining and,
519
,
682
,
686
–
88
,
694
,
736

socialism and,
674

space and,
78

strikes and protests,
66

wages and,
706
–
8

“white-collar,”
694
–
96

women as,
151
,
324
,
687
–
88
,
695
–
97
,
696
–
97

work as occupation or profession,
673
–
74

Laborde, Jean,
239

Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de,
542

Lagos,
153
,
236
,
250

Lahore,
302
,
796

Lakota Sioux,
112
,
140
–
41
,
240
,
334
,
350
,
487

Lalo, Edouard,
823

Lamartine, Alphonse de,
844

Lamprecht, Karl,
523

Lancashire,
262
,
266

Landes, David S.,
71
,
392
,
641
–
42
,
650

land ownership,
677
,
679

frontiers and land acquisition,
322
–
23
,
330
–
31
,
339

peasants and access to land,
678

speculation and city property,
246
–
47

state and regulation of,
104
,
107
,
247
,
330
–
31
,
536

taxation and,
107

urban development and land speculation,
246
–
47

languages,
144
,
511

dictionaries,
16
–
17

English as global standard,
783
–
84

establishment of official languages,
782

imperial control and,
462
–
63

pidgins,
327
,
785
–
87

transfer of,
784

translation of,
785
,
892
,
911
–
12

“world,”
511
,
824

Laos,
82
,
480
,
520

French in,
284
,
401
,
420
,
438
,
581
,
887

labor migration to,
147

monarchy in,
581

religion in,
887

Larousse, Pierre-Athanese,
16

Latin America,
41
,
72
,
111
,
906

agriculture in,
130
,
348
,
349
–
50
,
681
,
683
–
85

constitutional government in,
598
,
916

Europeanization in,
234
–
36
,
727

financial markets in,
742

frontiers in,
347
–
50

gold-standard currencies in,
735

Great Powers and,
396
,
408

indigenous peoples of,
348
–
50

industrialization and,
658
–
60

international trade and,
234
–
35
,
347
,
455
,
476
,
658
–
60
,
727
,
742

life expectancy in,
172

migration to,
130
,
159
,
165

Monroe Doctrine,
478
–
79

nation-state formation in,
396
,
408
,
418
,
478
,
521
,
532
–
37

North America compared to,
532
–
37

religion in,
879
,
894

revolutions in,
532
–
37
,
540

slavery in,
131
,
699
,
853
–
54

trade and,
658
–
60

transportation and communication networks in,
719
,
720

use of term,
81
–
82

wars within,
476
–
77

See also
specific countries of

Latin Monetary Union,
731

Lattimore, Owen,
329
,
356
,
375

Lawrence, T. H.,
889

League of Nations,
142
,
188
,
396
,
420
,
501
,
504
,
836
,
855

Lebanon,
106
,
117
,
447
,
498
,
520
,
716
,
801
–
2
,
889

Lebensraum,
403

Lê Dynasty,
520

Lee, Robert E.,
556

Leeds,
274
,
275
,
305

Lefebvre, Henri,
78

legal or justice systems

in China,
623

civilizing missions and,
831
–
34

convicts as labor,
623
,
693

and equality as concept,
60
–
61
,
913
–
15

in Japan,
623

as moral instrument of state,
622
–
23

Panopticon,
314

penal colonies,
133
–
36
,
148
,
547

policing,
618
–
22
,
704

state responsibility and,
594
–
98
,
607

legitimacy, political

autocrats and,
576
,
583

of colonial rule,
196
–
97
,
285
,
427
–
28
,
462
,
917

exile and,
139

in Japan,
415
–
16
,
518
–
19
,
563
,
588
,
612
,
666
,
885

monarchs and,
415
–
16
,
424
,
526
,
536
,
577
,
583
,
590

parliamentary accountability and,
577
–
78

and provision for the public good,
209
–
10

revolution and,
462
,
496
–
97
,
514
,
518
–
19

of states,
496
–
97
,
502
–
3
,
631
–
32

transparency and,
501

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm,
9
,
511

Leichardt, Ludwig,
79

Leiden,
390
,
801
,
803
,
817

Leipzig,
259
,
803
–
4

L'Enfant, Pierre Charles,
271
–
72
,
319

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich,
559
,
568
,
918

Leningrad,
201
,
211

Lenoir, Alexandre,
12

Le Nôtre, André,
271

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (Leopold of Tuscany),
625

Leopold II, King of Belgium,
110
–
11
,
126
–
27
,
401
,
432
,
444
,
466
,
592
,
822
,
933
–
34

Leo XIII, Pope,
898

Lepenies, Wolf,
19

Le Play, Frédéric,
18

Lesseps, Ferdinande Marie, Vicomte de,
690
–
91
,
741

Lévi-Strauss, Claude,
324

Lewis, Meriwether,
21
,
79

Liang Qichao,
495
,
786
,
903

liberalism,
220
–
21
,
397
,
494
,
513
,
520
,
575
,
592
,
629
,
767
–
68
,
879
,
884

classical,
633
,
708
,
736
,
833

“free labor” principle and,
687
–
700
,
708
–
9
,
725

free-market,
174
,
732
,
776
,
833

liberalism gap between states,
136
,
138

national patriotism and,
913

press freedom and,
34
–
35
,
907

social liberalism and democratic socialism,
604
–
5

Liberia,
110
,
183
,
269
,
401

liberty, freedom of the press,
29
–
32

libraries,
9
–
11

Liebig, Justus von,
214

Liège,
15

life expectancy,
122
,
127
,
170
–
77
,
196
,
201

Li Gui,
22

Li Hongzhang,
489

Lincoln, Abraham,
4
–
5
,
337
–
38
,
537
,
555
–
56
,
846
–
47

Lind, Jenny,
6

linearity,
47

Lin Qian,
92

Lisbon,
197
,
252

List, Friedrich,
455
,
711

Liszt, Franz,
62
,
823

literacy

communication networks and,
723

industrialization and,
648

knowledge transfer and,
824

mass literacy campaigns,
648
,
790
–
91

missionaries and spread of,
901
,
912

newspapers and,
35
,
37

rates of,
788
–
92

slavery and,
791

social status and,
795
–
96
,
824

social unrest and,
790

symbolic nature of,
788

See also
education
;
specific nations or regions

literature,
21
–
23
,
65

Little Big Horn, Battle of,
140
–
41
,
487

Little Wolf, Cheyenne leader,
345

livestock breeding,
148
–
49
,
215
,
229
–
30
,
347
–
49
,
350
,
356
,
382

living standards

income and,
168
–
70

life expectancy and,
170
–
78

Livingstone, David,
79
,
822
,
831
,
850

Lloyd George, David,
453

localization,
94

Locke, John,
525
,
539
,
605
,
878

London,
7
,
15
,
173
–
74
,
251
,
259
,
263
,
272
–
73
,
275
,
296
–
97
,
301
,
315
,
694
–
95
,
736
–
37

London School of Economics,
24

Long, Edward,
857

longevity.
See
life expectancy

Lönnrot, Elias,
860

Loos, Adolf,
319

López, Francisco Solano,
476

Los Angeles,
259

Louisiana Purchase (U.S.),
443
,
449

Louis-Philippe, King of France,
139

Louis XIV, King of France,
276

Louis XV, King of France,
61

Louis XVI, King of France,
526
,
527
,
562
,
564
,
579
,
588
,
905

Lourdes,
265
,
901

Lucknow,
312

Ludwig I, King of Bavaria,
11

Ludwig II, King of Bavaria,
586
,
696

Lueger, Karl,
868

Lumière, Auguste,
42

Lumière, Louis,
42

Luo Zhenyu,
8

Luther, Martin,
56

Luxemburg, Rosa,
431
,
668

Luytens, Sir Edwin,
319

Lyautey, Hubert,
439