The Transformation of the World (262 page)

architecture as artifact of,
7

“backwardness” and,
663
–
64

British,
61
–
62
,
72
,
96
,
642
–
48

China and,
67
,
280
,
639
–
40
,
643
,
646
,
650
–
51
,
660
–
62
,
660
–
64
,
687
,
688

classical theories of,
640
–
42

commercial consumption and,
644

cultural constraints on,
639
,
664

de-industrialization,
662

disease and,
172

economic growth trends and,
646
–
47
,
649
–
50

energy and,
643
,
647
,
651
–
58

entrepreneurs and,
769

as global phenomenon,
63
–
64
,
644
,
649
–
51
,
656
–
67

health and,
175
–
76

human capital and,
648

India and,
663
–
64

“institutional revolution” and,
638
–
39

invention and innovation during “second industrial revolution,”
64

in Japan,
63
,
269
–
70
,
642
,
645
,
646
,
649
–
50
,
655
–
56
,
661
,
664
–
67
,
675

Latin America and,
658
–
60

Marxist theories of,
640
–
42

as mechanized factory production,
672

modernity and,
643
,
908

proto-industry and,
645
–
46
,
660
,
666

raw materials and,
96
,
433
,
487
,
643
,
644
,
649
,
656
,
659
,
686
,
729
,
776
,
908
(
See also
natural resources
)

in Russia,
63

science and,
780

scientific production and,
908

serial production and,
64
,
233

standardization of time and,
72
–
73

technological innovation and,
644
–
45
,
647
,
648

territory and,
670
–
71

transnational connections and,
640

urbanization and,
249
–
50
,
267
–
75
,
273

US and,
666
–
67

use of term,
638
–
40

wealth production and,
643

Industrial Revolution,
908

See also
industrialization

infanticide,
122

influenza,
54
,
125

infrastructure development,
128

energy and,
311

water and sewer systems,
173
–
76
,
195
,
245
,
291
,
310

See also
cities
;
hydraulic engineering
;
railroads

Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique,
812

Inner Asia.
See
Central Asia

intelligentsias,
16
,
565
–
66
,
597
,
599
,
773
,
802
,
882

International Council of Women (ICW),
507

internationalism,
511
–
12

pacifism and,
508
–
10

political,
506
–
12

women's movement and,
507
–
8

international relations

Americas as sphere of,
475
–
79

Asia as sphere of,
479
–
83

global dualism and,
475

hierarchy and,
914
–
15

international governmental organizations (IGOs),
511
–
12

and peace as objective,
469
–
70
,
510
,
512
–
13

personal meetings between monarchs and,
501
–
2

as political theater,
501

statecraft,
469

treaties and,
500
–
501
(
See also
Treaty
)

International Settlement in Shanghai,
138
,
290
,
453
,
595

International Women's Conference,
507

interwar period,
570
,
825
,
918

inventions.
See
technology

Iran

abolition of slavery in,
849

anti-imperialism in,
503
–
4

constitutional government in,
569

epidemic disease and,
190
,
195
–
96

famine in,
205

as “gunpowder” empire,
59
,
108

intelligensia in,
565
–
66

military organization in,
566
–
67

nomads in,
149
,
356
–
57

oil exports,
657

religion in,
565
–
66
,
895
,
896

resistance in,
503
–
4

revolution in,
63
,
522
,
532
,
559
–
63
,
568
–
71
,
882

territorialization and,
108
,
111
,
361
,
559
,
569

Ireland,
466
,
524
–
25
,
547
,
884

diaspora and,
109

economy of,
124

emigration from,
99

famine in,
124
,
203
–
4

migration from,
124

population of,
124

Irkutsk,
364

iron,
278
,
295
,
311
,
380
–
81
,
656
,
661
,
663
–
64
,
686
,
688
,
729

Isabella II, Queen of Spain,
520

Isfahan,
174
,
251
,
257
,
276

Islam,
888
–
89
,
903

anti-Islamism,
140
,
868

intelligentsia as scholars of,
565
–
66

migration and religious pilgrimage,
164
–
65

modernity and,
898
–
900

Muslim militants and revolution,
470
,
889

and ordering of space,
106
–
7

and pagan antiquity,
13

sharia and,
876

ulama
as scholar elite,
762
,
784
,
797
,
899
,
901

See also
Muslim world

Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt,
34
,
236
,
292
,
447
,
742
,
849
,
913

Israel,
106
,
396

Istanbul

boycotts in,
504

as cultural center,
5
,
13
,
42
,
802

disease outbreaks in,
185
,
190

modernization of infrastructure in,
292
–
93
,
302
–
3

population of,
251
–
52
,
259

as port city,
276
,
286

as princely residence,
271
,
276

social welfare in,
268

wages for labor in,
224
–
25

Westernization in,
236

Italy

cities or urbanization in,
249
,
256
,
259
–
60
,
298

colonial expansion in Africa,
485
–
86

Congress System and international relations,
397
–
98

constitutional monarchy in,
586

cultural transfers and,
5
,
227

currency in,
730
–
31

education and literacy in,
10
,
787
,
788

fascism in,
368
,
460
,
576

French in,
437
,
829
–
30

Habsburg Empire in,
434

migration,
100
,
145
,
156
–
57
,
205
,
227

nationalism in,
397

population of,
119
,
123
,
180

standard of living in,
202
,
205

as unified state,
28
–
29
,
54
,
66
,
410
–
12
,
416
,
466
,
470
,
518

urbanization and,
245

Itō Hirobumi,
563

Ivan IV, Tsar,
583

Ivory Coast,
127

Iwakura Tomomi,
93

Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-,
902

Jackson, Andrew,
61
,
342
–
43
,
346
,
351
,
355
,
413
,
578
–
79
,
601
–
2

Jakarta.
See
Batavia (Jakarta)

Jamaica,
132
,
177
–
78
,
182
,
371
,
431
,
459
,
705
,
840
,
850
,
857

James, C. L. R.,
99

James, Henry,
19

janissaries,
409
,
532
,
616
,
618

Japan

arts and culture in,
4
,
6
,
21
,
811
–
12

bureaucracy in,
612
–
13

class or social status in,
748
,
749
(
See also
samurai
under this heading
)

communications technologies and,
721

as culturally distinct from East Asia,
84

currency in,
733

demographics

censuses in,
26

GDP,
169

longevity,
171
–
72

migration from,
109

population of,
122
–
23

as empire,
119
,
446

energy,
657

as “Far East,”
83
–
84

industrialization in,
63
,
269
–
70
,
642
,
645
,
646
,
648
,
649
–
50
,
655
–
56
,
661
,
664
–
67
,
675

international relations

China and,
4
,
22
,
34
,
63
,
84
,
216
,
661
,
759
,
775
,
864
,
915

domination of Asia,
94
,
103
–
4

Great Powers and,
480
–
81
,
483
,
495
,
500
,
612
–
13

international hierarchy and,
915

Korea and,
84
,
915

military power and,
120
,
618
,
915

naval power and,
98
,
492
–
93
,
699
,
714
,
915

resistance to Euopeanization in,
885

Sino-Japanese War,
34
,
63
,
216
,
399
,
661
,
759

Westernization and,
94
,
236
–
37

knowledge, transfer or production of,
22
–
23
,
903

education and literacy in,
17
,
21
,
34
,
36
–
37
,
792
–
93
,
797
,
799
,
803
,
808

geographic,
22
–
23
,
93

institutions and,
10
–
11
,
12
–
13
,
17
,
803
,
806
–
8
,
810
–
11