The Third Reich at War (149 page)

184
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 604.

185
. Ibid., 610-18; Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 659-61. For a critical discussion of Speer’s actions in the final phase of the Third Reich, see Rolf-Dieter M̈ller, ‘Der Zusammenbruch des Wirtschaftslebens und die Anf̈nge des Wideraufbaus’, in
DRZW
X/II, 55-378, at 74-106.

186
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 768-75, 782.

187
Redlich,
Hitler
, 207-9, 223-54.

188
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 629.

189
. Ibid.

190
. Ibid., 631; Redlich,
Hitler
, 227.

191
Atmospheric account of Hitler’s routine in Kershaw,
Hitler
II. 775-7.

192
Ibid., 780-81.

193
Ibid., 785-91.

194
. Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, 146.

195
. Ibid., 157.

196
. Ibid., 163.

197
. Ibid., 149.

198
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 619.

199
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 666.

200
. Ibid.

201
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 803-5.

202
Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 530-33; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 635-47.

203
Duggan,
The Force of Destiny
, 529-32.

204
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 807-19.

205
Ḧrter (ed.),
Ein deutscher General
, 16.

206
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 802-19.

207
. Ibid., 820-31, and 1,037-8 n. 156. See also the classic account by Hugh R. Trevor-Roper,
The Last Days of Hitler
(London, 1962 [1947]), still well worth reading; detailed sifting of the evidence in Anton Joachimsthaler,
Hitlers End: Legenden und Dokumente
(Augsburg, 1999 [1994]).

208
. Domarus (ed.),
Hitler
, IV. 2,236; Werner Maser (ed.),
Hitlers Briefe und Notizen: Sein Weltbild in handschriftlichen Dokumenten
(D̈sseldorf, 1973), 326-66.

209
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, 824.

210
. Quoted in Christian Goeschel, ‘Suicide at the End of the Third Reich’,
Journal of Contemporary History
, 41 (2006), 153-73, at 167.

211
Reuth,
Goebbels
, 613-14; Trevor-Roper,
The Last Days
, 241-7.

212
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 831-3, 1,039 n. 15. The skeletons of both men were discovered during building work in 1972 and identified by their dental records.

213
. Richard Overy,
Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945
(London, 2001), 145-6, 205.

214
Ibid., 165-8.

215
Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head
, 534-6.

216
. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 265.

217
. Steur,
Theodor Dannecker
, 156-60, pointing out that she would hardly have done this had her husband not killed himself. Rumours that he survived were thus unfounded.

218
Burleigh,
Death
, 273, 351-84.

219
. Goeschel, ‘Suicide’; also idem, ‘Suicide in Weimar and Nazi Germany’, 196-200; Richard Bessel,
Nazism and War
(London, 2004), 154.

220
Ḧss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 193-4.

221
. Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, 163.

222
. Ibid., 164.

223
Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 543-4.

224
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVII. 6,737.

225
Goeschel, ‘Suicide in Weimar and Nazi Germany’, 209-13.

226
. Quoted in Bessel,
Nazism and War
, 155.

227
. Damian van Melis,
Entnazifizierung in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Herrschaft und Verwaltung 1945-1948
(Munich, 1999), 23-4; Bessel,
Nazism and War
, 155; Naimark,
Fires of Hatred
, 117.

228
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 235.

229
Wirrer (ed.),
Ich glaube an den F̈hrer
, 324 (Inge to Alfred, 4 August 1945). Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 238 (22 April 1945) and 240 (3 June 1945).

230
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 44 (5 May 1945).

231
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 831- 3.

232
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 123-4 (1 May 1945).

233
. Walb,
Ich, die Alte
, 338, 344-5 (2 and 8 May 1945).

234
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 141.

235
. Ibid., 163-5 (29 April 1945).

236
. Solmitz,
Tagebuch
, 1,022 (30 April 1945), 1,031 (5 May 1945), 1,037 (8 May 1945).

237
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 822-3, 835-6; detailed account of the surrender of German forces in various parts of Europe in Klaus-Jürgen Müller and Gerd Ueberschär,
Kriegsende 1945: Die Zerstörung des deutschen Reiches
(Frankfurt am Main, 1994); see also Jörg Hillmann and John Zimmermann,
Kriegsende 1945 in Deutschland
(Munich, 2002) and Marlis Steinert,
Capitulation: A Story of the Dönitz Regime
(London, 1969).

238
. Perry Biddiscombe,
Werwolf! The History of the National Socialist Guerilla Movement 1944-1946
(Cardiff, 1996), 38-9.

239
. Klaus Tenfelde, ‘Proletarische Provinz: Radikalisierung und Widerstand in Penzberg/ Oberbayern 1900 bis 1945’, in Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, IV. 1-382.

240
. Robert G. Moeller,
War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany
(Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 3, 6, 24, 43; Norbert Frei,
Adenauer’s Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration
(New York, 2002 [1997]), 303-12

241
. See Telford Taylor,
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials
(London, 1993) and Overy,
Interrogations
.

242
. Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 702-21; Matthias Schmidt,
Albert Speer: Das Ende eines Mythos: Speers wahre Rolle im Dritten Reich
(Bern, 1982); also Albert Speer,
Spandau: The Secret Diaries
(London, 1976 [1975]).

243
. Höss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 195-201.

244
. Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 137-9.

245
. Ibid., 139-45.

246
. Ḧhne,
The Order of the Death’s Head
, 535-6.

247
. Klee
et al
. (eds.),
‘Those Were the Days’
, 297-9.

248
. Burleigh,
Death
, 269-80; Schmidt,
Karl Brandt
, 351-84.

249
. Kater,
Doctors under Hitler
, 2-3; Steven P. Remy,
The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University
(Cambridge, Mass., 2002), 198-203.

250
. Horace W. Stunkard, ‘Erich Martini (1880-1960)’,
Journal of Parasitology
, 47 (1961), 909-10.

251
. Lifton,
The Nazi Doctors
, 380-83.

252
. Klee,
Auschwitz
, 488-91.

253
. Sereny,
Into that Darkness
, 13, 16, 261-77, 301-7, 321-2, 339-66.

254
. Cesarani,
Eichmann
, 200-323.

255
. Steinbacher,
Auschwitz
, 145-52.

256
. Konrad H. Jarausch,
After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945-1995
(New York, 2006), 54. The figure for the ‘incriminated’ does not include the British Zone. See also Clemens Vollnhals,
Entnazifizierung: Politische Säuberung und Rehabilitierung in den vier Besatzungszonen 1945-1949
(Munich, 1991); Lutz Niethammer,
Die Mitläuferfabrik: Die Entnazifizierung am Beispiel Bayerns
(Berlin, 1992).

257
. Jarausch,
After Hitler
, 271-81. For Best, see Herbert,
Best
, 403-76, and more generally Norbert Frei (ed.),
Karrieren im Zwielicht: Hitlers Eliten nach 1945
(Frankfurt am Main, 2001). For problems of social adjustment immediately after the war, see J̈rg Echternkamp, ‘Im Schlagschatten des Krieges: Von den Folgen militärischer Herrschaft in der frühen Nachkriegszeit’, in
DRZW
X/II. 657-97.

258
. Ḧrter (ed.),
Ën deutscher General
, 16.

259
. Bock,
Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung
, 11-25.

260
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 111-46.

261
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 44.

262
. Ibid., 45.

263
. Ibid., 273.

264
. Maschmann,
Account Rendered
, 168-223 (quotation on page 190).

265
. Steven Bach,
Leni - The Life and Work of Leni Riefenstahl
(New York, 2007), 252- 92; Welch,
Propaganda and the German Cinema
, 125-34, 263, 307; Emil Jannings,
Theater, Film - Das Leben und Ich
(Munich, 1989 [1951]).

266
. Kater,
Composers
, 3-30, 211-63.

267
. Shirakawa,
The Devil’s Music Master
, 364.

268
. Ibid. More generally, see Toby Thacker,
Music after Hitler, 1945-1955
(London, 2007), 39-74.

269
. Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain
, 239-53.

270
. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 267-75.

271
. Remy,
The Heidelberg Myth
, 54, 204-5.

272
. Klukowski,
Diary
, x-xi, xv-xx.

273
. Martin Chalmers, ‘Introduction’, in Victor Klemperer,
The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945-59
(London, 2003 [1999]), vii-xvii.

274
. Klemperer,
The Lesser Evil
, 359 (8 July 1951).

275
. Ibid., 621-4.

276
. Cited in Evans,
The Coming of the Third Reich
, 312-13; information from Staatsarchiv der Freien- und Hansestadt Hamburg.

277
. Eric A. Johnson and Karl-Heinz Reuband,
What We Knew: Terror, Mass Murder, and Everyday Life in Nazi Germany: An Oral History
(New York, 2005), 337-44.

278
. Bill Niven,
Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich
(London, 2002), 233-41; Peter Reichel,
Politik mit der Erinnerung: Gedächtnisorte im Streit um die nationalsozialistische Vergangenheit
(Frankfurt am Main, 1999 [1995]).

279
. Bullock,
Hitler
, 808.

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