The Third Reich at War (144 page)

224
. Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 217 - 19; Burleigh,
Death
, 220 - 29.

225
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 418.

226
. Quoted in Ganssmüller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 174-5; see also Fridlof Kudlien,
Arzte im Nationalsozialismus
(Cologne, 1985), 210.

227
. Burleigh,
Death
, 239-45; Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 286-97; idem,
‘Euthanasie’
, 429 - 39.

228
. Burleigh,
Death
, 238 - 48; Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 220 - 36.

229
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 439 - 56.

230
. Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 237 - 9; Burleigh,
Death
, 255 - 7.

231
. Trus,
‘. . . vom Leid erlösen’
, 116, 129 - 30.

232
. Burleigh,
Death
, 230 - 31.

233
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 302 - 3; idem,
‘Euthanasie’
, 417 - 21.

234
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 303.

235
. Quoted in Schmuhl,
Rassenhygiene
, 346.

236
. Klee,
‘Euthanasie’
, 421 - 5.

237
. Ganssmüller,
Die Erbgesundheitspolitik
, 175.

238
. Klee (ed.),
Dokumente
, 300 - 301.

239
. Ibid., 301 - 2.

240
. Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 524 - 7.

241
. Lewy,
The Nazi Persecution
, 65 - 106.

242
. Ibid., 107 - 32 (quote on 130). The numbers killed in all these cases remains uncertain, and available estimates vary wildly.

243
. Deletant,
Hitler’s Forgotten Ally
, 187 - 96.

244
. Lewy,
The Nazi Persecution
, 135.

245
. Höss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 138 - 42.

246
. Lewy,
The Nazi Persecution
, 167 - 228. See also Michael Zimmermann, ‘Die nationalsozialistische Zigeunerverfolgung, das System der Konzentrationslager und das Zigeunerlager in Auschwitz-Birkenau’, in Herbert
et al
. (eds.),
Die nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager
, II. 887 - 910.

247
. Quoted in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 392.

248
. Burkhard Jellonek,
Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz: Die Verfolgung Homosexueller im Dritten Reich
(Paderborn, 1990), 117.

249
. Ibid., 257, 269- 73, 282- 7; Geoffrey Giles, ‘The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex Incidents in Himmler’s SS and Police’, in Dagmar Herzog (ed.),
Sexuality and German Fascism
(New York, 2005), 256 - 90, at 265 - 9.
250
. Ibid., 269 - 90.

251
. Jellonek,
Homosexuelle
, 329.

252
. Geoffrey Giles, ‘The Institutionalization of Homosexual Panic in the Third Reich’, in Robert Gellately and Nathan Stoltzfus (eds.),
Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
(Princeton, N.J., 2001), 233 - 55.

253
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 395.

254
. Höss,
Commandant of Auschwitz
, 103 - 4.

255
. Zamecnik,
Das war Dachau
, 230.

256
. Till Bastian,
Homosexuelle im Dritten Reich: Geschichte einer Verfolgung
(Munich, 2000), 79 - 84.

257
. See Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 529-35, also for the plight of homosexuals in Nazi Germany before 1939. For Jehovah’s Witnesses, see ibid., 254 - 5.

258
. Detlev J. K. Peukert, ‘Arbeitslager und Jugend-KZ: Die Behandlung “Gemeinschaftsfremder” im Dritten Reich’, in idem and Jürgen Reulecke (eds.),
Die Reihen fast geschlossen: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alltags unterm Nationalsozialismus
(Wuppertal, 1981), 413 - 34, at 416.

259
. Quoted in Norbert Frei,
Der Führerstaat: Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933 bis 1945
(Munich, 1987), 202 - 8.

260
. Peukert, ‘Arbeitslager’, 416.

Chapter 6
. GERMAN MORALITIES

1
. Quoted in Vandana Joshi,
Gender and Power in the Third Reich: Female Denouncers and the Gestapo, 1933 - 45
(London, 2003), 60.

2
. Ibid., 59 - 61.

3
. Rita Wolters,
Verrat für die Volksgemeinschaft: Denunziantinnen im Dritten Reich
(Pfaffenweiler, 1996), 59 - 61.

4
. Joshi,
Gender
, 168 - 97.

5
. Ibid., 152; more generally, see Birthe Kundrus,
Kriegerfrauen: Familienpolitik und Geschlechterverhältnisse im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Hamburg, 1995).

6
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 374.

7
. Ibid.; see also Michelle Mouton,
From Nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk: Weimar and Nazi Family Policy, 1918 - 1945
(New York, 2007), 224 - 32.

8
. Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 368 - 9.

9
. Ibid., 373.

10
. Ibid., 375 - 84.

11
. Dagmar Herzog, ‘Hubris and Hypocrisy, Incitement and Disavowal: Sexuality and German Fascism’, in eadem (ed.),
Sexuality and German Fascism
, 1 - 21, at 18 - 19.

12
. Quoted in Stibbe,
Women
, 155.

13
. Noakes,
Nazism
, IV. 385 - 90.

14
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVI. 6,487 (italics in original); Mouton,
From Nurturing the Nation
, 186, 193 - 4.

15
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVI. 6,487.

16
. Ibid.; also Stibbe,
Women
, 159.

17
. Wirrer (ed.),
Ich glaube an den Führer
, 324 (Inge to Fred, 17 April 1945).

18
. Gerwin Udke (ed.),
‘Schreib so oft Du kannst’: Feldpostbriefe des Lehrers Gerhard Udke, 1940 - 1944
(Berlin, 2002), 73 (Gerhard to Dorothea Udke, 3 April 1942).

19
. Benedikt Burkard and Friederike Valet (eds.),
‘Abends wenn wir essen, fehlt uns immer einer’: Kinder schreiben an die Väter, 1939-1945
(Heidelberg, 2000), 240 (1 November 1943).

20
. John S. Conway,
The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933-1945
(London, 1968), 232 - 53; Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 220 - 60.

21
. Ibid., 253, 220 - 60.

22
. Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk
, 555 - 6 (4 July 1942).

23
. Ibid., 322 (20 - 21 February 1942).

24
. Ibid., 323 (20 - 21 February 1942).

25
. Ibid., 59 (14 October 1941).

26
. Ibid., 51 (10 October 1941).

27
Ibid., 75-6 (19 October 1941).

28
. Ibid., 145 (13 December 1941).

29
Ibid., 6-7 (11-12 July 1941).

30
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 423 (Aus Visitationsberichten Dekanat Hof (Oberfranken), 1941).

31
Conway,
The Nazi Persecution
, 259-60, 383-6.

32
Ian Kershaw,
Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933- 1945
(Oxford, 1983), 331-40.

33
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 148 (Aus Monatsbericht des Landrats, 31 March 1941).

34
Kershaw,
Popular Opinion
, 331-57.

35
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 424 (Aus Visitationsberichten Dekanat Hof (Oberfranken), 1942).

36
. Ibid.

37
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 302-3.

38
. Griech-Polelle,
Bishop von Galen
, 195.

39
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 303.

40
. Quoted in Michael Phayer,
The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965
(Bloomington, Ind., 2000), 75.

41
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 559-74.

42
. For this view, see John Cornwell,
Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII
(London, 1999).

43
Zuccotti,
Under His Very Windows
; Robert S. Wistrich, ‘The Vatican Documents and the Holocaust: A Personal Report’,
Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry
, 15 (2002), 413-43.

44
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 56.

45
. Ibid., 300.

46
. Heinrich Hermelink (ed.),
Kirche im Kampf: Dokumente des Widerstands und des Aufbaus in der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands von 1933 bis 1945
(Tübingen, 1950), 654-8, 700-702; Theophil Wurm,
Aus meinem Leben
(Stuttgart, 1953), 88-177; he retired in 1949, aged eighty, and died in 1953.

47
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 14 (15 February 1942).

48
. Ibid., 5 (13 January 1942).

49
. Ibid., 27 (16 March 1942).

50
. Ibid., 148 (17 October 1942).

51
. Ibid., 127 (29 August 1942).

52
. Ibid., 361 (26 November 1944).

53
Otto Dov Kulka and Eberhard J̈ckel (eds.),
Die Juden in den Geheimen NS-STIMMUNGSBERICHTEN 1933-1945
(D̈sseldorf, 2004), 489 (NSDAP Meinberg, March 1942).

54
. Peter Longerich,
‘Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!’ Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933-1945
(Munich, 2006), 253-4.

55
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 294.

56
. Klemperer,
I Shall Bear Witness
, 423 (1 November 1941).

57
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 46 (8 May 1942), 50 (15 May 1942).

58
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 289.

59
. Klemperer,
To the Bitter End
, 179 (8 January 1943).

60
. Ibid., 282 (7 February 1944).

61
. Ibid., 204 (16 April 1943).

62
. Klemperer,
I Shall Bear Witness
, 404 (21 July 1941).

63
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 251-5; David Bankier,
The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under Nazism
(Oxford, 1992), 124-30. See also Frank Bajohr and Dieter Pohl,
Der Holocaust als offenes Geheimnis: Die Deutschen, die NS-FÜHRUNG und die Alliierten
(Munich, 2006); Ian Kershaw,
Hitler, the Germans and the Final Solution
(London, 2008); and Bernward D̈rner,
Die Deutschen und der Holocaust: Was niemand wissen wollte, aber jeder wissen konnte
(Berlin, 2007).

64
Longerich,
‘Davon’
, 175-81.

65
Kulka and J̈ckel (eds.),
Die Juden
, 476-7 (SD-Aussenstelle Minden, 6 and 12 December 1941).

66
. Ibid., 478 (SD Hauptaussenstelle Bielefeld, 16 December 1941).

67
. Ibid., 503 (SD Aussenstelle Detmold, 31 July 1942), and 476-7 (SD Aussenstelle Minden, 6 December 1941).

68
. Solmitz,
Tagebuch
, 691 (7 November 1941).

69
. Ibid., 699 (5 December 1941).

70
. Ibid., 747-9 (14 July 1942, 22 July 1942).

71
. Ibid., 768-9, 776, 780, 782, 788, 796 (25 September 1942, 26 September 1942, 9 November 1942, 24 November 1942, 21 December 1942, 26 January 1943).

72
. David M. Crowe,
Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind The List
(Cambridge, Mass., 2004). The story was filmed by Steven Spielberg under the title
Schindler’s List
.

73
. Hosenfeld,
‘Ich versuche’
, 710 (letter to wife, 31 March 1943), 739 (letter to wife, 29 July 1943).

74
. Ibid., 108-11.

75
. Wladyslaw Szpilman,
The Pianist: The Extraordinary True Story of One Man’s Survival in Warsaw, 1939-1945
(London, 2002). The book became the basis for Roman Polanski’s movie
The Pianist
.

76
Deb’rah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt,
Holocaust: A History
(London, 2002), 337-55.

77
. Walter Laqueur,
The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’
(London, 1980).

78
Saul Friedl̈nder,
Kurt Gerstein oder die Zwiesp̈ltigkeit des Guten
(G̈tersloh, 1968).

79
Friedl̈nder,
The Years of Extermination
, 454-6.

80
. David Engel, ‘The Western Allies and the Holocaust: Jan Karski’s Mission to the West, 1942-1944’,
Holocaust and Genocide Studies
, 5 (1990), 363-446.

81
. Bernard Wasserstein,
Britain and the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945
(London, 1979); excerpts in Herf,
The Jewish Enemy
, 174-5.

82
. William D. Rubinstein,
The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could Not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis
(London, 1997), puts the case, somewhat intemperately, against the claim that the Allies could have rescued the remaining Jews of Europe.