The Third Reich at War (147 page)

254
. Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 103.

255
Ibid., 113-15 (24 August and 10 September 1944).

256
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 668 - 71.

257
Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 151-2.

258
Ueberscḧr,
F̈r ein anderes Deutschland
, 32-60, 66-77; Joachim C. Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933-1945
(London, 1996), provides a readable narrative of the evolution of the military-aristocratic conspiracy. Peter Hoffmann,
The History of the German Resistance 1933-1945
(Montreal, 1996 [1969]), is the most thorough and detailed account; Winfried Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand und der Krieg’, in
DRZW
IX/I. 743-892, is the most recent survey.

259
. English version of extracts from the 9 August 1943 manifesto in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 614-16.

260
Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 283; Ueberscḧr,
F̈r ein anderes Deutschland
, 161-3.

261
. Klemens von Klemperer,
German Resistance against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad 1938-1945
(Oxford, 1992); Hoffmann,
The History
, 205-50.

262
For the political aims and plans of the resisters, see Hoffmann,
The History
, 175-202. For documents of the resistance, see Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (ed.),
‘Spiegelbild einer Verschẅrung’: Die Opposition gegen Hitler und der Staatsstreich vom 20. Juli 1940 in der SD-Berichterstattung: Geheime Dokumente aus dem ehemaligen Reichssicherheitshauptamt
(2 vols., Stuttgart, 1984).

263
. Hans Mommsen, ‘Social Views and Constitutional Plans of the Resistance’, in Hermann Graml
et al
.,
The German Resistance to Hitler
(London, 1970 [1966]), 55-147.

264
. Beate Ruhm von Oppen (ed.),
Helmuth James von Moltke: Letters to Freya, 1939- 1945
(London, 1991); more generally, on the resisters’ criticism of the conduct of the war in the east, see Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand’, 777-89.

265
. Hassel,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 218.

266
. Wolfgang Gerlach,
And the Witnesses Were Silent: The Confessing Church and the Persecution of the Jews
(Lincoln, Nebr., 2000 [1987]), 210-14; Hans Mommsen, ‘Die Moralische Wiederherstellung der Nation: Der Widerstand gegen Hitler war von einer antisemitischen Grundhaltung getragen’,
S̈ddeutsche Zeitung
, 21 July 1999, 15.

267
. Ulrich Heinemann, ‘ “Kein Platz f̈r Polen und Juden”: Der Widerstandsk̈mpfer Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der Schulenburg und die Politik der Verwaltung in Schlesien 1939/40’, in Klessmann (ed.),
September 1939
, 38-54; Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand’, 751-76.

268
Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 576-7.

269
. Quoted in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 633 (also for the views of Popitz and others).

270
Ueberscḧr,
F̈r ein anderes Deutschland
, 165-71; details of this and the other attempts on Hitler’s life in Hoffmann,
The History
, 251-60.

271
Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 202-4, 212-15, 225-30.

272
Ibid., 202-26; Peter Hoffmann,
Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg und seine Br̈der
(Stuttgart, 1992), 15-268.

273
. Fabian von Schlabrendorff,
Revolt against Hitler: The Personal Account of Fabian von Schlabrendorff
(London, 1948), 131.

274
Ueberscḧr,
F̈r ein anderes Deutschland
, 200-206; Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 237-60; Hoffmann,
The History
, 373-411; Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand’, 803-38.

275
Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 255-79; Hoffmann,
Claus Schenk
, 383-443.

276
. Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 280-87; see also the gripping narrative in Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 655-84.

277
Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand’, 838-40; Hoffmann,
The History
, 412-506.

278
Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 292-309; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 688-90; Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 511-28.

279
. Quoted in Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 290.

280
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 691; Fest,
Plotting Hitler’s Death
, 291-307.

281
. Ibid., 297-317; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 692-3 (and 1,006 n. 43, discussing the evidence for and against Hitler having watched the film); Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 531.

282
. Schlabrendorff,
Revolt
, 164.

283
Ḧrter (ed.),
Ein deutscher General
, 16, 48.

284
. For an exhaustive account of the conspirators’ foreign contacts, see Klemperer,
German Resistance against Hitler
.

285
Heinemann, ‘Der miliẗrische Widerstand’, 840-43.

286
. Quoted in Noakes (ed.),
Nazism
, IV. 634.

Chapter 7
. DOWNFALL

1
Breloer (ed.),
Geheime Welten
, 76-8 (20-22 July 1944).

2
. Ibid., 80 (10 August 1944).

3
. Quoted in Manoschek (ed.),
‘Es gibt nur eines’
, 73 (Uffz.E, 7 August 1944).

4
Wirrer (ed.),
Ich glaube an den F̈hrer
, 235 (Alfred to Inge, 20 July 1944).

5
. Ibid.

6
P̈ppel,
Heaven and Hell
, 221, 237. See also the careful analysis of reactions in Ian Kershaw,
The ‘Hitler Myth’: Image and Reality in the Third Reich
(Oxford, 1989 [1987], 215-20.

7
Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVII. 6,684-6, and 6,700-701; Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 185-6 (Ebermannstadt, 25 and 27 July 1944).

8
. Herber (ed.),
Goebbels-Reden
, II. 394.

9
Ueberscḧr,
F̈r ein anderes Deutschland
, 224-8.

10
. Broszat
et al
. (eds.),
Bayern
, I. 667.

11
. Ibid., 664.

12
. Ibid., 668.

13
. Boberach (ed.),
Meldungen
, XVII. 6,651 (22 July 1944).

14
. Ibid., XVII. 6,652.

15
. Ibid., XVII. 6,693 (7 August 1944).

16
. Ibid., XVII. 6,653

17
. Ibid., XVII. 6,698.

18
. Quoted in Kershaw,
The ‘Hitler Myth’
, 220.

19
Quoted in ibid., 1,008-9 n. 91.

20
Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 713-16; Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 717-24.

21
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 734.

22
Tim Cole,
Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto
(London, 2003); Randolph L. Braham,
Eichmann and the Destruction of Hungarian Jewry
(New York, 1961); Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 735-6; Longerich,
Politik
, 565-70.

23
Ibid., 563-4.

24
. Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries
, 351.

25
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 532-4; Ralf Georg Reuth,
Goebbels: Eine Biographie
(Munich, 1995 [1990]), 561-6; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 637-8.

26
. Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 712 - 13.

27
Ibid., 731-42.

28
. Ibid., 747, 757; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 757-71. For a detailed account of the land war in the west, see John Zimmermann, ‘Die deutsche miliẗrische Kriegsf̈hrung im Westen 1944/45’, in
DRZW
X/I, 277-489. For the ‘Battle of the Bulge’, see Vogel, ‘German and Allied Conduct of the War in the West’, 863-97.

29
Kershaw,
Hitler
, II. 768-9.

30
Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 369-73; Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/VIII. 527-9 (25 June 1943).

31
. Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 375.

32
Fr̈hlich (ed.),
Die Tageb̈cher
, II/VII. 578 (18 March 1943).

33
. Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 381.

34
. Ibid., 417.

35
Ibid., 406-20.

36
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 481; Heinz Dieter Ḧlsken,
Die V-Waffen Entstehung- Propaganda - Kriegseinsatz
(Stuttgart, 1984), 178-202; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 561-2; Boog, ‘The Strategic Air War’, 413-15.

37
Michael J. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenem̈nde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
(New York, 1995), 13, 22-3, 108-37; see also Rainer Eisfeld,
Monds̈chtig: Wernher von Braun und die Geburt der Raumfahrt aus dem Geist der Barbarei
(Hamburg, 2000).

38
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 494.

39
. Ibid., 495.

40
. Ibid., 497.

41
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 503-5; Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 197-201.

42
. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 197-238; Florian Freund, ‘Die Entscheidung zum Einsatz von KZ-Ḧftlingen in der Raketenr̈stung’, in Kaienburg (ed.),
Konzentrationslager
, 61-74.

43
Quoted in Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 209-10.

44
Ibid., 197-209; Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 402-5.

45
. Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 210.

46
. Ibid.

47
. Sereny,
Albert Speer
, 403. Sereny does not mention the letter to Kammler.

48
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 500-501.

49
Quoted in Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 211-12.

50
Ibid., 210-12.

51
. Ibid., 264, 405; see also Jens Christian Wagner, ‘Noch einmal: Arbeit und Vernichtung: Ḧftlingseinsatz im KL Mittelbau-Dora 1943-1945’, in Frei
et al
. (eds.),
Ausbeutung
, 11-42.

52
Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 226-30.

53
. Ibid., 238-64 (quote on 264). Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 562-3, gives a figure of 15,000 deaths; see also Allen,
The Business of Genocide
, 208-32.

54
. Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 306-9; Alan D. Beyerchen,
Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich
(London, 1977), 168-98; Klaus Hentschel (ed.),
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
(Basel, 1996), 281-4, 290-92.

55
Beyerchen,
Scientists
, 168-98.

56
. Hentschel (ed.),
Physics
, lxvii.

57
Mark Walker,
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939-1949
(Cambridge, 1989); Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 315-17; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 568-71. Heisenberg’s later claim that he deliberately slowed down progress on research so as to make sure that Hitler would not have an atom bomb before the war ended lacks all plausibility; even had he worked as fast as possible, it is still extremely unlikely that he would have put a working bomb together in time. See, among a voluminous literature, Thomas Powers,
Heisenberg’s War: The Secret History of the German Bomb
(Boston, 1993); Jeremy Bernstein (ed.),
Hitler’s Uranium Club: The Secret Recordings at Farm Hall
(New York, 2001), xxiv-xxv, xxvii-xxviii.

58
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 317-18.

59
. Rainer Karlsch,
Hitlers Bombe: Die geheime Geschichte der deutschen Kernwaffenversuche
(Stuttgart, 2005), 171-81, 215-19.

60
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 316-20; for Lenard, see Evans,
The Third Reich in Power
, 306-9.

61
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 553-4.

62
. Schmidt,
Karl Brandt
, 284-96; also Florian Schmaltz,
Kampfstoff-Forschung im Nationalsozialismus: Zur Kooperation von Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten, Miliẗr und Industrie
(G̈ttingen, 2005), 143-77, 608-10; and idem, ‘Neurosciences and Research on Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction in Nazi Germany’,
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
, 15 (2006), 186-209; Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 558-9.

63
. Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 491.

64
Neufeld,
The Rocket and the Reich
, 233-8.

65
Ludwig,
Technik
, 451-63; Hentschel (ed.),
Physics
, 303, 327.

66
Speer,
Inside the Third Reich
, 488-91; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, 620-21.

67
Weinberg,
A World at Arms
, 771-3.