The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy (132 page)

83
F. Riessman and E. Banks, “A Marriage of Opposites: Self-Help and the Health Care System,”
American Psychologist
56 (2001): 173–74. K. Davison, J. Pennebaker, and S. Dickerson, “Who Talks? The Social Psychology of Support Groups,”
American Psychologist
55 (2000): 205–17. J. Kelly, “Self-Help for Substance-Use Disorders: History, Effectiveness, Knowledge Gaps, and Research Opportunities,”
Clinical Psychology Review
23 (2003): 639–63. L. Adamsen, “From Victim to Agent: The Clinical and Social Significance of Self-Help Group Participation for People with Life-Threatening Diseases,”
Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
(Special Issue: The Challenging Complexity of Cancer Care Research) 16 (2002): 224–31. S. Barlow, G. Burlingame, R. Nebeker, and E. Anderson, “Meta-Analysis of Medical Self-Help Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
50 (2000): 53–69.

84
Riessman and Banks, “A Marriage of Opposites.” Davison et al., “Who Talks?”

85
An unpublished study by a Turkish colleague comparing the therapeutic factors of AA and a professional therapy group (N = 44 patients) revealed that interpersonal learning input and output were ranked significantly higher by the therapy group, whereas universality, cohesiveness, and instillation of hope were chosen by the AA members (Cem Atbasoglu, personal communication, 1994).

86
Ibid.

87
S. Cheung and S. Sun, “Helping Processes in a Mutual Aid Organization for Persons with Emotional Disturbance,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 295–308. Riessman and Banks, “A Marriage of Opposites.” Davison et al., “Who Talks?” M. Salzer, J. Rappaport, and L. Segre, “Professional Appraisal of Professionally Led and Self-Help Groups,”
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
69 (1999): 536–40.

88
L. Roberts, D. Salem, J. Rappaport, P. Toro, D. Luke, and E. Seidman, “Giving and Receiving Help: Interactional Transactions in Mutual-Help Meetings and Psychosocial Adjustment of Members,”
American Journal of Community Psychology
27 (1999): 841–68. K. Prior and M. Bond, “The Roles of Self-Efficacy and Abnormal Illness Behaviour in Osteoarthritis Self-Management,”
Psychology, Health, and Medicine
9 (2004): 177–92.

89
Davison et al., “Who Talks?”

90
Kelly, “Self-Help for Substance-Use Disorders.”

91
J. Tonigan, R. Toscova, and W. Miller, “Meta-Analysis of the Literature on Alcoholics Anonymous: Sample and Study Characteristics Moderate Findings,”
Journal of Studies on Alcohol
57 (1996): 65–72.

92
M. Lieberman and L. Snowden, “Problems in Assessing Prevalence and Membership Characteristics of Self-Help Group Participants,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
29 (1993): 166–80. B. Carlsen, “Professional Support of Self-Help Groups: A Support Group Project for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients,”
British Journal of Guidance and Counselling
31 (2003): 289–303.

93
Data are from PEW Internet and America Life Project (
www.pewinternet.org
), July 16, 2003.

94
J. Alleman, “Online Counseling: The Internet and Mental Health Treatment,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
39 (2002): 199–209. M. White and S. Dorman, “Receiving Social Support Online: Implications for Health Education,”
Health Education Research
16 (2001): 693–707. M. Lieberman, M. Golant, A. Winzelberg, and F. McTavish, “Comparisons Between Professionally Directed and Self-Directed Internet Groups for Women with Breast Cancer,”
International Journal of Self-Help and Self Care
2 (2004): 219–35.

95
S. Hopss, M. Pepin, and J. Boisvert, “The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Loneliness via Inter-Relay-Chat Among People with Physical Disabilities,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
40 (2003): 136–47. J. Walther, “Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction,”
Communication Research
23 (1996): 3–43. Alleman, “Online Counseling.” White and Dorman, “Receiving Social Support Online.”

96
V. Waldron, M. Lavitt, and K. Douglas, “The Nature and Prevention of Harm in Technology-Mediated Self-Help Settings: Three Exemplars,”
Journal of Technology in Human Services
17 (2000): 267–93. White and Dorman, “Receiving Social Support Online.” R. Kraut, M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukopadhyay, and S. Scherlis, “Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being,”
American Psychologist
53 (1998): 1017–31.

97
H. Weinberg, “Community Unconscious on the Internet,”
Group Analysis
35 (2002): 165–83.

98
Alleman, “Online Counseling.” A. Ragusea and L. VandeCreek, “Suggestions for the Ethical Practice of Online Psychotherapy,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
40 (2003): 94–102.

99
Hopss et al., “The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy.”

100
K. Luce, A. Winzelberg, and M. Zabinski, “Internet-Delivered Psychological Interventions for Body Image Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating,”
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training
40 (2003): 148–54.

101
D. Tate, R. Wing, and R. Winett, “Using Internet Technology to Deliver a Behavioral Weight Loss Program,”
JAMA
285 (2001): 1172–77. A. Celio and A. Winzelberg, “Improving Compliance in On-line, Structured Self-Help Programs: Evaluation of an Eating Disorder Prevention Program,”
Journal of Psychiatric Practice
8 (2002): 14–20.

102
M. Zabinski et al., “Reducing Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Targeting At-Risk Women with a Computerized Psychoeducational Program,”
Journal of Eating Disorders
29 (2001): 401–8. M. Zabinski, D. Wilfley, K. Calfas, A. Winzelberg, and C. Taylor, “An Interactive, Computerized Psychoeducational Intervention for Women at Risk of Developing an Eating Disorder,” presented at the 23rd annual meeting of the Society for Behavioral Medicine, Washington, D.C., 2002.

103
T. Houston, L. Cooper, and D. Ford, “Internet Support Groups for Depression: A 1-Year Prospective Cohort Study,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
159 (2002): 2062–68.

104
Ibid., 2066.

105
White and Dorman, “Receiving Social Support Online.” D. Gustafson et al., “Development and Pilot Evaluation of a Computer-Based Support System for Women with Breast Cancer,”
Journal of Psychosocial Oncology
11 (1993): 69–93. D. Gustafson et al., “Impact of a Patient-Centered, Computer-Based Health Information/Support System,”
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
16 (1999): 1–9

106
Winzelberg et al., “Evaluation of an Internet Support Group.”

107
M. Lieberman et al., “Electronic Support Groups for Breast Carcinoma: A Clinical Trial of Effectiveness,”
Cancer
97 (2003): 920–25.

108
M. Lieberman, personal communication, 2004.

109
Lieberman et al., “Comparisons Between Professionally Directed and Self-Directed Internet Groups.”

CHAPTER 16

1
H. Coffey, personal communication, 1967. A. Bavelas, personal communication, 1967. A. Marrow, “Events Leading to the Establishment of the National Training Laboratories,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
3 (1967): 144–50. L. Bradford, “Biography of an Institution,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
3 (1967): 127–44. K. Benne, “History of the T-Group in the Laboratory Setting,” in
T-Group Theory and Laboratory Method,
ed. L. Bradford, J. Gibb, and K. Benne (New York: Wiley, 1964), 80–135.

2
Benne, “History of the T-Group.”

3
E. Schein and W. Bennis,
Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods
(New York: Wiley, 1965), 41.

4
Ibid., 43.

5
J. Luft,
Group Processes: An Introduction to Group Dynamics
(Palo Alto, Calif.: National Press, 1966).

6
I. Wechsler, F. Messarik, and R. Tannenbaum, “The Self in Process: A Sensitive Training Emphasis,” in
Issues in Training,
ed. I. Wechsler and E. Schein (Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, National Training Laboratories, 1962), 33–46.

7
M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles,
Encounter Groups: First Facts
(New York: Basic Books, 1973). M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, “The Group Experience Project: A Comparison of Ten Encounter Technologies,” in
Encounter,
ed. L. Blank, M. Gottsegen, and G. Gottsegen (New York: Macmillan, 1971). M. Lieberman, I. Yalom, and M. Miles, “The Impact of Encounter Groups on Participants: Some Preliminary Findings,”
Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences
8 (1972): 119–70.

8
These self-administered instruments attempted to measure any possible changes encounter groups might effect—for example, in self-esteem, self-ideal discrepancy, interpersonal attitudes and behavior life values, defense mechanisms, emotional expressivity, values, friendship patterns, and major life decisions. Much third-party outcome assessment was collected—evaluations by leaders, by other group members, and by a network of each subject’s personal acquaintances.
The assessment outcome was strikingly similar to that of a psychotherapy project but with one important difference: since the subjects were not clients but ostensibly healthy individuals seeking growth, no assessment of target symptoms or chief complaints was made.

9
M. Ettin, “By the Crowd They Have Been Broken, By the Crowd They Shall Be Healed: The Advent of Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
38 (1988): 139–67. M. Ettin, “Come on, Jack, Tell Us About Yourself: The Growth Spurt of Group Psychotherapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
39 (1989): 35–59. S. Scheidlinger, “History of Group Psychotherapy,” in
Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy,
ed. H. Kaplan and B. Sadock (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993), 2–10.

10
M. Rosenbaum and M. Berger,
Group Psychotherapy and Group Function
(New York: Basic Books, 1963).

11
E. Lazell, “The Group Treatment of Dementia Praecox,”
Psychoanalytic Review
8 (1921): 168–79.

12
L. Marsh, “Group Therapy and the Psychiatric Clinic,”
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders
32 (1935): 381–92.

13
L. Wender, “Current Trends in Group Psychotherapy,”
American Journal of Psychotherapy
3 (1951): 381–404. T. Burrows, “The Group Method of Analysis,”
Psychoanalytic Review
19 (1927): 268–80. P. Schilder, “Results and Problems of Group Psychotherapy in Severe Neurosis,”
Mental Hygiene
23 (1939): 87–98. S. Slavson, “Group Therapy,”
Mental Hygiene
24 (1940): 36–49. J. Moreno,
Who Shall Survive?
(New York: Beacon House, 1953).

14
L. Horwitz, “Training Groups for Psychiatric Residents,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
17 (1967): 421–35. L. Horwitz, “Transference in Training Groups and Therapy Groups,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
14 (1964): 202–13. S. Kaplan, “Therapy Groups and Training Groups: Similarities and Differences,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
17 (1967): 473–504.

15
R. Morton, “The Patient Training Laboratory: An Adaptation of the Instrumented Training Laboratory,” in
Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods,
ed. E. Schein and W. Bennis (New York: Wiley, 1965), 114–52.

16
J. Simon, “An Evaluation of est as an Adjunct to Group Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Severe Alcoholism,”
Biosciences Communications
135 (1977): 141–48. J. Simon, “Observations on 67 Patients Who Took Erhard Seminars Training,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
135 (1978): 686–91.

CHAPTER 17

1
C. McRoberts, G. Burlingame, and M. Hoag, “Comparative Efficacy of Individual and Group Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analytic Perspective,”
Group Dynamics
2 (1998): 101–17. G. Burlingame, K. MacKenzie, and B. Strauss, “Small-Group Treatment: Evidence for Effectiveness and Mechanisms of Change,” in
Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
, 5th ed., ed. M. Lambert (New York: Wiley, 2004), 647–96.

2
I. Yalom, “Problems of Neophyte Group Therapists,”
International Journal of Social Psychiatry
7 (1996): 52–59. L. Murphy, M. Leszcz, A. Collings, and J. Salvendy, “Some Observations on the Subjective Experience of Neophyte Group Therapy Trainees,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
(1996): 543–52. R. Billow, “The Therapist’s Anxiety and Resistance to Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 225–42. S. Scheidlinger, “Response to ‘The Therapist’s Anxiety and Resistance to Group Psychotherapy,’”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
52 (2002): 295–97.

3
S. Feiner, “Course Design: An Integration of Didactic and Experiential Approaches to Graduate Training of Group Therapy,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
48 (1998): 439–60. A. Fuhriman and G. Burlingame, “Group Psychotherapy Training and Effectiveness,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
5 (2001): 399–416. H. Markus and A. Abernethy, “Joining with Resistance: Addressing Reluctance to Engage in Group Therapy Training,”
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
51 (2001): 191–204. H. Markus and D. King, “A Survey of Group Psychotherapy Training During Predoctoral Psychology Internship,”
Professional Psychology, Research, and Practice
34 (2003): 203–9.