The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam (50 page)

Several people were kind enough to read the whole manuscript and pointed out various omissions and infelicities. Matthew Dimmock and Gerald “Mac” MacLean gave me the benefit of their unrivaled expertise in the field, while the masterly Timothy Brook and his wife, Fay, offered sage advice on tone and structure. I am extremely grateful to them for taking time out of their busy schedules: friends indeed. Adam Lowe watched it all unfold from far away but is always near at hand, and I am very lucky to have him. My father, Alan Brotton, has not read the book, nor should he: all he needs to know is the love and admiration I feel for him sticking by me long enough for us to understand how much we care for each other.

The book is dedicated to my wife, Charlotte, not to settle a debt, but to honor a meeting of minds. A distinguished Shakespeare scholar in her own right, she read and commented on every line of this book, improving it immeasurably while also writing her own, bringing our daughter, Honey, into the world, and holding everyone in our family together with an effortlessness born of supreme endeavor. She will understand if I leave it to Shakespeare to tell her that my bounty is as boundless as the sea, my love as deep; the more I give to her, the more I have, for both are infinite.

Notes

ABBREVIATIONS

APC
Acts of the Privy Council

Castries
Henri de Castries et al., eds.,
Sources inédites pour l’histoire du Maroc,
26 vols. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1905–1965)

CP
Cecil Papers at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, UK

CSPD
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic

CSPF
Calendar of State Papers, Foreign

CSPS
Calendar of State Papers, Spain

CSPV
Calendar of State Paper, Venice

Hakluyt
Richard Hakluyt,
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation,
7 vols. (London: Everyman’s Library/J. M. Dent, 1907)

LP
Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII

ODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

OED
Oxford English Dictionary
Online

TNA
The National Archives of the United Kingdom

All the official government records and reference books listed above are available online. All references to Shakespeare’s plays (with the exception of
Othello
) are taken from Stephen Greenblatt et al., eds.,
The Norton Shakespeare
(New York: W. W. Norton, 1997).

Introduction

1
. Quoted in Susan A. Skilliter,
William Harborne and the Trade with Turkey, 1578–1582: A Documentary Study of the First Anglo-Ottoman Relations
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 69.

2
. Quoted in ibid., pp. 69–70.

3
. Caroline Finkel,
Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923
(London: John Murray, 2005), pp. 164–78.

4
. Leslie Peirce,
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).

5
. Skilliter,
William
Harborne,
p. 37.

6
. Edward Hall,
Hall’s Chronicle: Containing the History of England during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding Monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth
(London: British Museum, 1809), p. 513.

7
. Miriam Jacobson,
Barbarous Antiquity: Reorienting the Past in the Poetry of Early Modern England
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), pp. 2–4.

8
. See “Muslim, n. and adj.” OED.

9
. See “Islam, n.” OED.

10
. Richard Knolles,
The General Historie of the Turkes, from the first beginning of that Nation to the rising of the Othoman Familie
(London, 1603), sig. B47.

11
.
Othello,
1.1.135. This and all subsequent references to the play are taken from E. A. J. Honigmann, ed.,
Othello
(Walton-on-Thames: Arden/Thomas Nelson, 1997).

12
. Ibid., 1.3.140.

13
. Ibid., 1.3.133–34.

14
. John Ayre, ed.,
The Early Works of Thomas Becon
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1843), p. 239.

15
. Quoted in Noel Malcolm, “Positive Views of Islam and of Ottoman Rule in the Sixteenth Century: The Case of Jean Bodin,” in
The Renaissance and the Ottoman World,
ed. Anna Contadini and Claire Norton (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 197–220; at p. 212.

Chapter 1: Conquering Tunis

1
. CSPS, vol. 13,
1554–1558,
no. 60, p. 49.

2
. John Elder, “The Copy of a Letter Sent into Scotland, of the Arrival and Landing, and Most Notable Marriage of the Most Illustrious Prince, Philip of Spain,” in
The Chronicle of Queen Jane,
ed. J. G. Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1850), appendix x, pp. 139–40.

3
. Ibid.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Quoted in Henry Kamen,
Philip II
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 59.

6
. Elder, “Copy of a Letter,” pp. 139–40.

7
. Quoted in Alexander Samson, “Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July–August 1554,”
Sixteenth Century Journal
36, no. 3 (2005), pp. 761–84; at p. 767.

8
. CSPV, vol. 5,
1534–1554,
no. 898, p. 511. I am grateful to Alexander Samson for drawing this reference to my attention and allowing me to read his forthcoming work on the subject.

9
. Quoted in James D. Tracy,
Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 155–56.

10
. On the campaign, see Hendrick J. Horn,
Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen, Painter of Charles V and His Conquest of Tunis: Paintings, Etchings, Drawings, Cartoons and Tapestries,
2 vols. (The Hague: Davaco, 1989).

11
. CSPS, vol. 13,
1554–1558,
no. 227, p. 236.

12
. LP, vol. 9,
August–December 1535,
no. 596, p. 200.

13
. Thomas Burman,
Reading the Qur’ân in Latin Christendom, 1140–1560
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009).

14
. For the classic account of these prejudices, see Norman Daniel,
Islam and the West: The Making of an Image
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1960).

15
. Margaret Meserve,
Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2008); Nancy Bisaha,
Creating East and West: Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004).

16
. Dorothee Metlitziki,
The Matter of Araby in Medieval England
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).

17
. See Suzanne Conklin Akbari, “The Non-Christians of
Piers Plowman,
” in
The Cambridge Companion to Piers Plowman,
ed. Andrew Cole and Andrew Galloway (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), pp. 160–78; at p. 170.

18
. Quoted in Michael J. Heath,
Crusading Commonplaces: La Noue, Lucinge and Rhetoric Against the Turks
(Geneva: Droz, 1986), p. 15.

19
. Burman,
Reading the Qur’ân,
pp. 110–16.

20
. Quoted in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe,
Orientalism in Early Modern France: Eurasian Trade, Exoticism and the Ancien Regime
(Oxford: Berg, 2008), pp. 33–34.

21
. Adam S. Francisco,
Martin Luther: A Study in Sixteenth-Century Polemics and Apologetics
(Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 69–70.

22
. Martin Luther, “On the War Against the Turk,” in
Luther’s Works,
vol. 46, trans. Robert C. Schultz (Philadelphia: Concordia Press, 1962–1971), pp. 157–205.

23
. CSPV, vol. 3,
1520–1526,
no. 616, p. 297.

24
. Sir Thomas More, “A Dialog Concerning Heresies,” in
The Yale Edition of the Complete Works of St. Thomas More,
ed. Thomas Lawler et al., vol. 6, Parts I and II,
A Dialog Concerning Heresies
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 1–435; at p. 236.

25
. “Instruction Given to the Emperor by the Most Reverend Cardinal Campeggio at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530,” in Leopold von Ranke,
The History of the Popes During the Last Four Centuries,
3 vols. (London: Bell & Sons, 1913), vol. 3, p. 40.

26
. Gülru Necipoğlu, “Süleyman the Magnificent and the Representation of Power in the Context of Ottoman-Hapsburg-Papal Rivalry,”
Art Bulletin
71, no. 3 (September 1989), pp. 401–27.

27
. Dorothy Vaughan,
Europe and the Turk: A Pattern of Alliances
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1954).

28
. Desiderius Erasmus, “A Most Useful Discussion Concerning Proposals for War Against the Turks, Including an Exposition of Psalm 28,” trans. Michael J. Heath, in
The Collected Works of Erasmus,
ed. Dominic Baker-Smith, vol. 64,
Expositions of the Psalms
(Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2005), pp. 201–66; at pp. 218, 231, 258–59.

29
. Ibid., p. 242.

30
. J. R. Tanner, ed.,
Tudor Constitutional Documents, 1485–1603
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 124.

31
. John Foxe,
The Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online
(Sheffield: HRI Online Publications, 2011); available at www.johnfoxe.org, 1563 ed., book 5, p. 957.

32
. Eamon Duffy,
Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).

33
. Samson, “Changing Places.”

34
. Ian Lancashire,
Dramatic Texts and Records of Britain: A Chronological Topography to 1558
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 213.

35
. Hakluyt, vol. 2, pp. 227–28.

36
. Ibid., p. 267.

37
. Ibid., p. 253.

38
. Ibid., pp. 318–29.

39
. Robert Batchelor,
London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549–1689
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), p. 40.

40
. Peter Barber,
The Queen Mary Atlas
(London: Folio Society, 2005), pp. 3–81.

Chapter 2: The Sultan, the Tsar and the Shah

1
. David Loades,
Elizabeth I: A Life
(London: Hambledon Press, 2003), p. 138.