The Sleepwalkers (115 page)

   views of decline 76–8, 558

Austrian ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 394, 423–30, 450, 451–7, 483, 518

   British reactions 456, 461–2, 468, 491–3

   French reactions 471–2, 498–500

   German reactions 515–24

   Russian reactions 427–8, 461, 462, 463, 465, 468, 471–87, 483

   Serbian response 457–69, 522

Austro-Hungarian army 65, 109, 217, 292, 357, 420, 425–6

   mobilization 509–510, 514–15, 518, 522

Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867) 65–6, 69, 70, 84, 108–9

Austro-Hungarian navy 109

Austro-Prussian War (1866) 65, 136, 292, 469

Az Est
(newspaper) 60, 467

Bačka 22

Bad Ischl 468, 469

Bad Nauheim 361, 430

Baden (Austria) 376

Baernreither, Joseph Maria 73, 580
n
40

Baghdad Railway 251, 336–7, 338, 363

Balfour, Arthur (
later
1st Earl of Balfour) 212

Balholm 520

Balkan Wars (1912-13) 251–8, 281–92, 558–9

   atrocities 43–5, 112–13, 357, 495

   Carnegie Foundation inquiry 25, 45, 276

   French policy 297–302, 326

   impact on Austria-Hungary 99–100, 112, 281–92, 559

   peace treaties 258, 278, 283–5, 286, 459

   press coverage 231, 232, 264–5

   Russian policy and arbitration 256, 257, 258–66, 274–6, 285, 326, 340–41, 352, 484

   Serbian territorial gains 43–6, 62, 99–100, 112–13, 253, 256–8, 357

Ballin, Albert 318–19

Balmoral 322, 354

Baltic Port (Paldiski), Russo-German meetings (July 1912) 314–18, 321, 510

Banat of Temesvar 425

Bardolff, Carl 117

Bark, Peter xxiii, 346, 474, 651
n
8

Barrère, Camille 192

   Prinetti-Barrère Accord (1902) 155, 244

Barthou, Jean Louis xxi–xxii, 309

Batum 479

Bazarov, Pavel 340

Beauchamp, William Lygon, 7th Earl 493

Beck, Baron Max Wladimir von 69

Beirut 248

Belfort 548

Belgium 29, 181

   German ultimatum and invasion 494, 544, 547–51

   neutrality 306–7, 351, 494, 540, 541, 543

Belgrade:

   coffee houses 52–3

   evacuation 467, 469

   National Theatre 20, 34

   royal palace 3

   and Serbian rural society 32

Below-Saleske, Claus von 550

Benckendorff, Count Alexander von 158, 261, 284, 322, 410–411, 491, 496, 510–511, 654
n
26

Benedetto Brin
(Italian warship) 247

Beneš, Edvard 77

Benghazi 248

Bennett, Ernest 243–4

Berchtold, Countess Ferdinandine 396

Berchtold, Count Leopold von,

   Austrian joint foreign minister 61, 101, 110, 111–12, 117, 224, 225, 290

   and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 61, 388, 392, 394, 395–6, 399, 454

   audience with Emperor Franz Joseph following assassination 396–7

   background, character and early career 110–111, 356, 360–61, 395–6

   Balkan Wars 112, 113, 269, 291–2, 360–61, 396

   Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 400, 401–2, 412, 423

   ‘Matscheko memorandum' 114–15, 357–8, 400–401, 412–13, 587
n
147–9

   memoirs 396

   Moravian estate 85, 111

   relations with Aehrenthal 110–111

   relations with Archduke Franz Ferdinand 395–6

   relations with Pašić 97–8

   and Serbian occupation of Albania 97–8, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 396

   ultimatum to Serbia (July 1914) 423–4, 426–30, 451, 452, 455, 460, 468, 518

Berlin, Congress of (1878) 6, 28, 73, 79, 83, 85, 86, 92, 125, 250, 273

Bernhardi, Friedrich von 236

Bernstein, Herman 512

Bertie, Francis, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame:

   ambassador to France 159–60, 161, 165, 209, 214, 320, 354, 356, 533–5

   foreign affairs under-secretary 149, 174, 202, 359

Bessarabia 278

Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, German Chancellor 199–200, 207, 225, 325, 329, 333, 358, 497

   army bill (1913) 218, 238, 330–32

   background and character 200, 314–15, 359

   and Balkan Wars 289

   Baltic Port Russo-German meetings (July 1912) 314–18, 326, 510

   fiscal policies 215–16

   Haldane mission to Berlin (February 1912) 318–19

   Hoyos mission to Berlin (July 1914) 401–2, 413, 414–15

   July 1914 crisis 417, 419, 421–3, 471, 476, 515–20, 521, 523–4

   Liman von Sanders mission in Constantinople 339

   mobilization of army (August 1914) 525–7, 531, 532

   and Morocco question 208, 211

   and naval expansion 221, 222, 318, 319, 330

   Reichstag speech (December 1912) 328–9, 354

   on threat of Russian military build up 421

   
Reflections on the World War
xx, 359

Bezobrazov, A.M. (timber magnate) 176–7

Bieberstein, Adolf Marschall von 610
n
19

Bienerth, Count Richard von 69

Bienvenu-Martin, Jean-Baptiste 498, 502, 503, 537

Biliński, Leon 60–61, 97–8, 100, 377–8, 392–4, 454

Birzhevia Vedomosti
(newspaper) 232, 420, 506

Bismarck, Prince Herbert von 127, 142

Bismarck, Prince Otto von:

   and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine 124

   anti-Bismarck
fronde
127

   development of Bismarckian diplomacy 125–7, 141, 142–3, 250–51, 358, 361

   Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 125–6, 127

   resignation as Chancellor 129, 143, 197

Bitola (Monastir) 43, 44–5, 253, 255, 256, 257

Bittner, Ludwig xxii

Björkö, Treaty of (1905) 155, 181, 184

Black Hand (Ujedinjenje ili smrt!):

   aims 38–9, 41

   Austrian intelligence on 95–6, 99, 454

   Balkan Wars operations 45–6

   Bosnian networks 41, 58, 412

   cult of secrecy 39, 40–41

   formation 38

   links with Serbian authorities 45–6, 47, 48, 54, 95–6, 99, 389

   membership 39–40, 96

   
Pijemont
(journal) 38, 40, 63, 96, 368–9

   and plot to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand 54, 55–6, 58, 59, 62, 385–6, 390, 454, 455, 466

Black Sea, militarization of 136, 137, 419

Blondel, Camille 278

Blühnbach, Schloss 379

Boer War (1899-1902) 134, 138, 144, 147, 163, 166, 174, 217, 227

Bogičević, Miloš 64

Bohemia 68, 69, 377

Bolsheviks xxiii–xxiv

Bonham, Sir George 13–14

Bosković, Mateja 492–3

Bosnia and Herzegovina:

   Croat population 25, 38, 74, 411

   economy 51, 74–5, 574
n
137

   education and literacy 75–6

   Habsburg rule and Austrian annexation 18, 24, 28, 33–8, 62, 73–6, 79, 83–7, 109, 177, 188, 231, 258–9, 273

   industrialization 74–5

   Muslim population 25, 38, 74

   Ottoman rule 16–17, 23, 24, 74

   peasantry 74, 75

   Serb population 23, 24, 25, 51, 74, 76, 82, 83

   Serbian border control 57–9, 391

   and Serbian Empire (14th century) 21

   Serbian nationalist operations 35, 40, 41–2, 47, 48, 58, 62, 82, 94–5

Bosphorus
see
Turkish Straits

Bottomley, Horatio 492

Boulanger, Georges Ernest 295

Bourgeois, Léon 194

Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) 137, 153, 168, 180

Bozanović, Miloš 40

Bratianu, Ion 279, 403

Brazil 180, 247

Bregalnica, River 258

Britain
see
Great Britain

British army:

   expeditionary force 306, 351, 489, 534

   expenditure 140, 217

   and Irish Question 488–90

British navy:

   expansion 150, 217

   mobilization 521, 541

   
see also
naval arms race, Anglo-German; naval talks, Anglo-Russian

Broqueville, Count Charles de 550

Brosch von Aarenau, Alexander 107, 108, 110, 117

Brussels, German legation 551, 552

Buchanan, Sir George, ambassador to Russia 209, 321, 345, 546

   on Bulgarian monarchy 273

   and July 1914 crisis 449, 471–2, 481, 495–7

   and Sazonov's Balkan policy 262, 264, 266

   and winter crisis 1912-13 269, 285

Bucharest, Treaty of (1913) 258, 278, 285, 459

Buchlau, Schloss 85, 111

Budapest 32, 425

Bulgaria:

   Balkan Wars (1912-13) 42, 113, 114, 252–8, 275–6, 340, 352

   border disputes with Romania 91, 275–6

   customs union with Serbia 80–81, 228

   economy 32

end of Ottoman rule 28, 273

   Macedonian territorial claims 25–6, 27, 28, 38, 256, 257, 258, 274, 452

   monarchy 170, 273

   post-Balkan Wars financial assistance 276–8

   Serbo-Bulgarian alliance (1912) 252, 256–7, 262–3, 274, 296, 324, 352, 354

   Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) 7, 79, 126

   strategic importance 272–3, 484

Bülow, Bernhard von, German Chancellor 85, 183, 198–9, 226, 358

   and Austrian annexation of Bosnia 85

   and Franco-German relations 134, 195

   and German colonial expansion 143

   Moroccan policy 157, 195, 199

   and proposed alliance with Britain 145

   and Treaty of Björko (1905) 181

   on
Weltpolitik
151, 152

Burma 134, 139

Burns, John 493, 543

Burtsev, Vladimir 512

Buxton, Noel (
later
1st Baron Noel-Buxton) 211

Čabrinović, Nedeljko 49–56, 370–71, 372, 380, 382–3, 385, 386, 408

Caillaux, Eugène 205

Caillaux, Henriette, trial 406, 441, 446, 501

Caillaux, Joseph 191, 211, 219, 227, 309, 311, 444, 504

   Morocco question 205–6, 207, 208, 210

   wife's trial 406, 441, 446, 501

Calmette, Gaston 406, 441

Cambon, Jules, ambassador to Germany 183, 190, 192, 194, 307, 310

   and Haldane mission to Berlin (1912) 320

   on Kaiser Wilhelm 183

   Morocco question 194–5, 205–6

   on Poincaré 295

   relations with press 232

Cambon, Paul, ambassador to Britain 190, 192–4, 310, 354

   and Balkan War 300

   Entente Cordiale 193–4, 538–9

   on Italy 250

   July 1914 crisis and outbreak of war 491, 502, 505, 533, 536–42, 543, 544, 545

   on Poincaré 295, 359, 537

   relations with Grey 213–14

Cambridge Daily News
492

Cameroons 163

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry 163, 202

Canal Zone, Panama 152, 161

Cape Colony 142, 145, 336

Capelle, Eduard von 416

Caprivi, Count Leo von 127, 143–4, 197

Carlsbad 517

Carnegie Foundation, Balkan Wars inquiry 25, 45, 276

Carnot, Marie François Sadi 409

Carol I, King of Romania 278, 406–7

Caroline Islands 151, 152

Cartwright, Sir Fairfax 161

Casimir-Périer, Jean 191

Castelnau, Édouard, Vicomte de 302, 358

Catholic Church 310

Cattaro 92

Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of 361, 436, 450

Cetinje 92, 283

Chamberlain, Sir Austen 542

Chamberlain, Joseph 146

Chambrun, Charles de 507–8, 651
n
2

Charlotte, Princess of Prussia (
later
Empress of Russia) 173

Charykov, Nikolai Valerievich 189, 259, 260–61, 347

Chataldja line (First Balkan War fortifications) 253, 256, 264

Chelius, Oskar von 524

China:

   Boxer Rebellion (1898-1901) 137, 153, 168, 180

   British interests in 130, 131, 137–8, 166, 322

   German interests in 140–41, 151, 163, 168, 180

   Russian interests in 131, 137–8, 144, 153, 176, 322

   Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) 137, 138, 140, 158

Chotek, Countess Sophie (
later
Duchess of Hohenberg) 396

   assassination 367–76

   marriage to Archduke Franz Ferdinand 106–7, 370, 380

Churchill, Sir Winston 210, 212, 221, 456, 493, 494, 539, 541, 542–3, 549, 552

Ciganović, Milan 53–4, 56, 383, 385, 390, 455, 465, 467, 575
n
151–2

Cincar-Marković, Dimitrije 4, 14

Cisleithania 65, 67–8, 69, 70, 84

Clary-Aldringen, Prince Alfons 377

Clausewitz, Carl von 486–7

Clemenceau, Georges 217, 310, 311, 441

Cleveland, Grover 161

code-breaking 427, 441

Cologne 433

Combes, Émile 217

Congo 207, 208, 209

Conrad von Hötzendorf, Baron Franz:

   and assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 392, 396, 399

   background, character and career 101–2, 103–4, 107, 358, 360

   and Balkan Wars 288, 290, 292, 396

   dismissal as Chief of General Staff 105, 110, 362

   and July 1914 crisis 425–6, 451, 452, 518

   recalled as Chief of General staff 115, 290–91

   and Redl Affair 115–16, 117, 362

   relations with civilian leadership 105–6, 109–110, 117, 224–5

   relationship with Gina von Reininghaus 102–4, 360

   war policies 104–6, 109–110, 115, 117, 290, 292, 333, 392, 394, 514–15

Conrad von Hötzendorf, Kurt 116

Conservative Party (Great Britain) 488, 493, 541–2