The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust (68 page)

22
‘The Fund for a Memorial Film about Kolomea’ (Kolomyja), note of the ceremony at Yad Vashem at which Vasilien Petrowski’s sister Aniah received the posthumous honour on his behalf, 12 November 1997.

23
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3851.

24
Selma Rossen, in conversation with the author, 13 May 2002.

25
Samuel Tennenbaum,
Zloczow Memoir
, page 231.

26
Efraim Sten, letter to Mordecai Paldiel, 2 January 1988, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3860.

27
Arieh Czeret, letter to the author, 22 March 1995, quoted in Martin Gilbert,
The Boys: Triumph over Adversity
, page 131.

28
Information provided in conversation with the author on 22 March 2002 by Grazyna Cooper, the daughter of one of those who was saved.

29
‘Group portrait of small children in a convent school…’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 44914.

30
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3589. As well as Erna Lewit, the Jews who were saved were Mosze and Rozalia Brenner, Aron Brenner, Janusz and Jadwiga Rozenberg, and a lawyer named Lehrer.

31
Philip Friedman,
Roads to Extinction
, page 190.

32
Letter of 2 August 1963, seeking funds for Marja Michalewska, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 6.

33
Myra Genn (Ziunia Herbst), letters to the author, 19 December 2001 and 1 February 2002.

34
Harvey Schulweis, printed letter of December 1998, Jewish Foundation for the Righteous.

35
Material provided on the Jewish Foundation for the Righteous website: www.jfr.org/stories.

36
Glenn Richter, in conversation with the author, 1 January 2002.

37
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3610.

38
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3167.

39
Harry Zeimer, letter to the author, 13 May 2001.

40
Shewach Weiss, interview with Zvi Zinger of
Yediot Aharanot
, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 8939.

41
Shewach Weiss, ‘A 700-Day Nightmare’,
Jerusalem Post
, 8 April 1983.

42
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2820.

43
Maariv
newspaper, Youth Supplement, Holocaust Remembrance Day, 1996.

44
Protocol of the Meeting of the Commission for Commemorating Righteous Among Nations, Jerusalem, 28 May 2000, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 8938.

45
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 6136.

46
Zula Hass, ‘This Is How It Was’,
Hidden Child
newsletter, Summer 2001.

47
Rena Hass, ‘This Is How It Is’,
Hidden Child
newsletter, Summer 2001.

48
Shimon Redlich, ‘Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, 1919–1945’, manuscript.

49
Shimon Redlich, ‘Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews and Ukrainians, 1919–1945’, manuscript.

50
Leon Weliczker Wells,
The Death Brigade (The Janowska Road)
, pages 236–39.

1
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 00901.

2
Hidden Child conference, Jerusalem, notes of the proceedings, 14 July 1993.

3
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 12471.

4
Lydia Aran, letter to the author, 29 August 2001. In 1984 Lydia Aran had planted a tree in her rescuer’s name at Yad Vashem. At the time she was teaching Buddhism at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

5
Samuel Bak,
Painted in Words: A Memoir
, pages 338, 357, 358–9.

6
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2241.

7
Archives of the Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, Vilnius.

8
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 6311.

9
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, files 5520, 5510A.

10
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2072.

11
‘Life Story of Perela Esterowicz—Pearl Good’, typescript (sent to the author by Pearl Good).

1
‘Righteous Among the Nations—per Country & Ethnic Origin,’ 1 January 2002, Yad Vashem Department for the Righteous Among the Nations (list sent to the author on 29 January 2002). The exact Lithuanian figure was 504.

2
Emanuelis Zingeris, ‘Introduction’, in Mikhail Erenburg and Viktorija Sakaite (editors),
Hands Bringing Life and Bread
, volume 1, pages v–vi.

3
Mikhail Erenburg and Viktorija Sakaite (editors),
Hands Bringing Life and Bread
, volume 1, pages 34–35.

4
Mikhail Erenburg and Viktorija Sakaite (editors),
Hands Bringing Life and Bread
, volume 1, pages 106–7.

5
Mordecai Paldiel, ‘Simaite, Ona (1899–1970)’,
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
, volume 4, page 1358.

6
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3311.

7
Ruth Kron’s story was told in Keith Morgan, ‘Hidden from the Holocaust’, a serial in four successive issues of the Vancouver
Province
, 24–27 October 2000.

8
Joseph A. Melamed (editor),
Lithuania: The Land of Blood
.

9
Quoted in Ilya Ehrenburg and Vasily Grossman,
The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry
, pages 333–34.

10
‘Portrait of a Jewish child in hiding with her Lithuanian “sister”’

11
Jolanta Paskeviciene, ‘Childhood Is Not a Dream’,
Lithuania in the World
magazine, 2001. In South Africa, Mulik Krol took the name Sam Keren. Of the nine members of his family, he was the only survivor.

12
Jolanta Paskeviciene, ‘Childhood Is Not a Dream’,
Lithuania in the World
magazine, 2001.

13
Rivka Lozansky Bogomolnaya,
Wartime Experiences in Lithuania
, pages 69–71.

14
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1072.

15
Margaret Kagan, manuscript (sent to the author, 10 August 2000).

16
Joseph Kagan,
Knight of the Ghetto: The Story of Lord Kagan
, page 77.

17
Margaret Kagan, manuscript (sent to the author, 10 August 2000).

18
‘Looking For…’,
The Hidden Child
newsletter, volume 9, number 1, Spring 2000.

19
At the time of writing (May 2002), Rachala Goldberg had not been traced.

20
Information provided by Eitan Finkelstein. In 1984, Zahar Kaplanas was among more than ten thousand Soviet Jews who had been refused permission to emigrate to Israel.

21
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1183.

22
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 5414.

23
Testimony of Dr Tania Ipp, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2472.

24
Testimony of Miriam Krakinowski, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2472.

25
Benjamin E. Lesin, ‘Lithuania, the Evil and the Righteous’,
Los Angeles Jewish Times
, 2 August 1996.

1
General-Government Decree, issued by Governor-General Hans Frank, 15 October 1941.

2
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin (editors),
Righteous Among Nations
, page 600.

3
Yitzhak Parlan (editor),
Sefer Skierniewic
(Memorial Book). Skierniewic is the Yiddish form of Skierniewice.

4
Bulletin of the Central Commission for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in Poland, volume 9, quoted in Kazimierz Iranek-Osmiecki,
He Who Saves One Life
, page 269.

5
Testimony of Frieda Mazia, Eichmann trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

6
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 25904. As Mira Reym Binford, Mira Rembiszewska later went to the United States, where she became a film-maker, and made a film of her experiences,
Diamonds in the Snow
.

7
Ben and Vladka Meed, in conversation with the author, New York, 14 November 2001.

8
Martin Gilbert,
Holocaust Journey
, page 210, ‘Day Eight, Cracow-Zamosc’.

9
Baruch Sharoni, letter to the author, 5 September 2001.

10
Joseph Dauman, letter to Yad Vashem of 26 February 1998, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1322.

11
Eli Zborowski, letter to Yad Vashem, 2 February 1978, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1322. Eli Zborowksi was later chairman of the International Society for Yad Vashem.

12
Eli Zborowski, letter to Yad Vashem, 2 February 1978, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 1322; letter to the author, 30 April 2002.

13
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet ID3753.

14
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4534. The village was Boguty Milczi.

15
Felicja Nowak,
My Star: Memoirs of a Holocaust Survivor
, page 138.

16
Betty (Batja) Piechotka, letter to the author, 17 February 2002.

17
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 38506.

18
Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 3359.

19
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 05705.

20
Testimony of Aron Martin (Matuszynski), 29 December 1989. I am grateful to Bob and Myriam Wolf for sending me this testimony.

21
Joseph Wisnicki, manuscript, ‘My Fight for Survival’, 1997, sent to the author 25 September 2000.

22
‘Portrait of Celina Berkowitz while hiding…’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 29905.

23
Uriel Reingold,
Ha-reingoldim
(‘The Reingolds’ in Hebrew; Tel Aviv, privately printed, 2000), pages 55–59.

24
Uriel Reingold, letter to the author, 20 January 2001.

25
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Photo Archive, Worksheet 25573; Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 4742.

26
Testimony of Anna Grabowska, as presented to Yad Vashem, Yad Vashem Righteous Among the Nations Archive, file 2004.

27
Nechama Tec,
When Light Pierced the Darkness
.

28
Nechama Tec,
Dry Tears: The Story of a Lost Childhood
, page 178.

29
Doba-Necha Cukierman,
A Guardian Angel: Memories of Lublin
, page 153.

30
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinowna,
Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej
(‘He is my fellow countryman’), page 464.

31
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewinowna,
Ten jest z Ojczyzny mojej
(‘He is my fellow countryman’), page 110.

32
Wladyslaw Bartoszewski and Zofia Lewin,
Righteous Among Nations
, page 608.

33
‘Parczew District, Bialka’,
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide
, page 244.