The Medieval English Landscape, 1000-1540 (45 page)

28
Roberts and Wrathmell (2002), 86–7.

29
Mortimer (2000), 6, 20–1; Taylor (1983), 151–9; Ravensdale (1974), 121–3; Rowley and Wood (1982), 15; cf. for reverse-S house-plots at Caldecote (Hertfordshire) Beresford (2009), 57–8, 279–80.

30
Taylor (1983), 175–83; Williamson (1986); Rippon (2008), 122–4, 149–79.

31
Rodwell and Rodwell (1985, 1993), I, 183–5, II, 176.

32
Rippon (2008), 124–31, 179–81.

33
Hallam (1981), 32–3, where elements including
cot, feld, thorp, wald, wic, wordig
and
wudu
are cited; cf. Miller and Hatcher (1978), 35.

34
Harley (1958); Roberts (1968); Dyer (1991), esp. 27–51.

35
Hallam (1965), 12–14, 31–2; Taylor (1983), 184–5.

36
Earldom of Gloucester Charters
(1973), 65–6; Hoskins and Finberg (1952), 78–82; Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 95–6; Linehan (1966), 119, 133–4;
Registrum Antiquissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln
II (1933), 79–82.

37
Gardiner (1997), 64–7.

38
Darby (1977), 263–5; Dyer (2003), 168–70; Hodgkinson (2008), 52–3; Blanchard (1972); Blanchard (1974); Hatcher (1974); Stanier (2000), 83.

39
Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 262–5; Hallam (1965), 5–6, 40–1, 77–8; Fielding and Fielding (2006), 13–16.

40
Stanier (2000), 63–7, 76–84; Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 146–7, 254–5; Rowley (1978), 114.

41
The extensive literature on this subject, with indications of sites which may be visited, includes Galloway (1992), 1–27; Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 256–7; Hayman (2005), e.g. 11–17, 20–1; Hodgkinson (2008), e.g. 54, 136–7; Faull and Moorhouse (1981), III, 775–86; Meredith (2006), 61–8; Gerrard (2000), e.g. 47–55, 130, 140–8, with grid references to major sites; Newman (1998); Newman, (2006); Hatcher (1970), e.g. 188; Preston-Jones and Rose (1986); Shaw (2009), e.g. 232.

42
VCH Durham
, I, 341; Gerrard (2000), 47–9 and plates 2, 3; Rippon, Claughton and Smart (2009), 49.

43
Hodgkinson (2008), 97; Faull and Moorhouse, (1981), III, 776; Geddes (1991), 169; Winchester (2000), 13.

44
Bolton (1980), 155–6; Netherton and Owen-Crocker (2005), 102.

45
Keene (1990), 203–8; Walton (1991);
Records of the Templars
(1935), 50; Carus-Wilson (1954); Bolton (1980), 157–8.

46
Hilton (1957), 102; Watts (2002), 115;
VCH Berkshire
, IV, 219–20.

47
Hatcher (1994), 16–18, 29–30.

48
Schofield (1965); White (2008).

49
Hurst (2005), 54, 108; Watson (1932), 265, 295, 323; Carus-Wilson (1962), 151– 67; Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 266–9;
VCH Suffolk
, II, 254–70.

50
Winchester (1987), 18, 120–1; Meredith (2006), 61–8. Danby had 50 people assessed to the lay subsidy of 1301, compared to 96 at Whitby: Waites, (1997), 50.

51
Domesday Book: Cheshire
(1978), 268a–268b; Darby (1977), 260–5; Fielding and Fielding (2006), 6–7, 21–2.

52
Blanchard (1974), esp. 63, 73–4.

53
Blanchard (2001), II, 583–620, 673–81;
RRAN
III, no. 258; Robert de Torigni in
Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I
, IV (1889), 123; Blanchard (1996). Robert de Torigni assigns significant new discoveries to the year 1133, but the silver mines of Carlisle were already yielding £45 per annum to the crown in 1130 (
PR 31 Hen.I
, 142).

54
Pearce (1995), 1–7; Shaw (2009), 17–18.

55
Rippon, Claughton and Smart (2009), 48–50, 53–63, 75–84, 109–20, 141–59 (quotation on p. 158).

56
Beresford (1988), 405–6;
Cornwall Industrial Settlements Initiative: Looe
(2002), 9, 30–31.

57
Fox (2001), 12, 122–38.

58
Taylor (1983), 187–91; Fox (2001), 145–9, 177–83; cf. above,
Chapter 2
, p. 34.

59
Aberg (1978), 1–4, 21–8, 46–55; Le Patourel (1973), esp. 1–22.

60
Astill (1988), 44–7; quotation from Fox (2001), 134.

61
Astill (1988), 39–50; Barber and Priestley-Bell (2008), 302.

62
Astill (1988), 39–58. For descriptions of some of these features, see e.g. Beresford (1975), 14–15, 22, 25, 28, 30, 35, 44, and plate Va (water pits); Beresford (2009), 88 (pits remaining from the digging of gault clay from which to make cob walls); Browning and Higgins (2003), 72 (cobbled standing area).

63
Beresford (1977); Grenville (1997) 95–8; Gardiner (2000).

64
Bede: A History of the English Church and People
(1968), 127;
Langland, Piers Plowman
(1959), 153; see also Girouard (1978), 30; Grenville (1997), 66, 107.

65
Mercer (1975), 19–20.

66
Beresford and Hurst (1976), esp. 122–6, 141–4; Beresford and Hurst (1990), 44–51.

67
Jones and Page (2006), 180–5.

68
Beresford (1987), 10–12, 29–84; Blair (1993); Grenville (1997), 66–88, 95; Jones and Smith (1958).

69
Cherry (1989); Wood (1965), 41, 71–5, 133; Gardiner (2000), 170–4.

70
Giles (1986), 195, 212; Beresford (1974); Jones (1975–76).

71
Beresford and Hurst (1971), 104–25.

72
Beresford and Hurst (1990), 39–41; Wrathmell (1989); Smith (2010), 77–80.

73
Higham (2000), 98; Higham (2004), 136–7; Ivens, Busby and Shepard (1995).

74
Dyer (1986); Wrathmell (1989), 253–7

75
Higham (2000), 101; Higham (2004), 133–7.

76
Dyer (1986), 23–4, 27–34; Phelps-Brown and Hopkins (1962), 177.

77
Mercer (1975), 8–22; Grenville (1997), 151–6; Gerrard and Aston (2007), 291–3.

78
Beresford (1975), 13–18; Gardiner (2000), 164–7.

79
Beresford (1975), 26, 28; Mercer (1975), 14–16, 28–44; cf. below,
Chapter 7
.

80
Evans and Jarrett (1987); Evans, Jarrett and Wrathmell (1988); Hinton (2010); Williamson (2010).

81
Batey (1968); Broad (2010).

82
Beresford (1957), 116–23; Hutchings (1989). But see also Everson and Brown (2010) for the possibility that some features on deserted settlement sites may be post-medieval.

83
Roberts and Wrathmell (2003), 28; Dyer (1982); Jones (2010), 19–23.

84
Aston (1989), 114; Miles and Rowley (1976); Dyer (1982), 23; Beresford and St Joseph (1979), 119–21.

85
Mew (2000); Hallam (1965), 127; Jones, (2010), 21.

86
Mileson (2009), 162–3.

87
Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium
(1983), xliii–xliv, 92–5; Donkin (1978), 39–51.

88
Rous (1745), 122–4;
EHD
, IV, 1014–16.

89
EHD
, V, 926, 933.

90
Utopia by Sir Thomas More, translated by Ralph Robynson 1556
(1999), 101.

91
Dyer (2000); Dyer (2010), 43–4.

92
Dyer (1982), 33; Dyer (2010), 38–42.

93
Dyer (1982), 24–5; Hilton and Rahtz (1966).

94
Dyer (2010), 32–7.

95
Hoskins (1963), 115–30;
EHD
, V, 933.

96
Roberts and Wrathmell (2002), 8, 11; Rowley and Wood (1982), 7, 52; Jones, (2010), 16–18.

97
Dyer (1989), 56–7.

98
Thorpe (1962), 55–9;
EHD
, V, 933–5; Beresford and Hurst (1971), 57.

1
Rigby (2010).

2
Schofield and Vince (2003), 152–3; Griffiths (2007), 220–5.

3
Holt and Rosser (1990), 3–6.

4
Goddard (2011), 6–8.

5
Reynolds (1977), ix–x; Palliser (2000), 5; Dyer (2003), 98, 102–4.

6
Darby (1977), 289–309, 318–19, 364–70 (the total of 112 boroughs includes Rhuddlan in North Wales); Laughton and Dyer (1999), 25.

7
Darby (1977), 293, 302–09, 364–8.

8
Miller and Hatcher (1995), 257–8.

9
Darby (1977), 293–5;
Lincolnshire Domesday and Lindsey Survey
(1924), 7, 364–8; below,
Chapter 6
, p. 190.

10
Haslam (2010), 52–4.

11
Haslam (2010), 13–18.

12
Reynolds (1977), 16–42; Miller and Hatcher (1995), 18–25; Haslam (2010), 19–52; Fleming (2011), 241–68.

13
In the 1156 pipe roll, London is shown against an assessment for
auxilium
of £120, Lincoln £60, York £40, Norwich £33, 6s. 8d., the others at sums between £20 and £15 (
PR 2 Hen.II, passim
), although the crown also extracted further payments from the leading towns, apparently regarding the assessments as outdated; cf. White (2000), 153–4. For the rankings of towns in various assessments of the twelfth to sixteenth centuries, see Palliser (2000), 752–70 (by A. Dyer).

14
Reynolds (1977), 56–62; White (2000), 131.

15
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum
(1996), 20–1;
Gesta Stephani
(1976), 58–9;
EHD
, III, 881–4.

16
Dyer (2003), 88; Miller and Hatcher (1995), 145–55; Dyer (2002).

17
RRAN
, III, nos. 172, 293, 384–5, 456; cf. no. 597 from Empress Matilda.

18
Schofield and Vince (2003), 26–7; Britnell (1996), 81–2, 158–60; Coates (1965).

19
Bracton: De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
III (1940), 198–9; Gardiner (1997), 71.

20
Farmer (2000), 353; Dyer (1996);
English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I
(1990– 91), II, 382–4.

21
Britnell (1981), 212;
Register of Edward the Black Prince, Part Three
(1932), 133;
Registrum Simonis Langham
(1956), 193–4; Dymond (1999).

22
RRAN
, III, nos. 914, 952.

23
Gurnham (2009), 65;
Charters of the Anglo-Norman Earls of Chester
(1988), 23, 33–4; Jones, Stocker and Vince (2003), 227.

24
Liber Memorandorum Ecclesie de Bernewelle
(1907), xxvii, 87;
VCH Cambridgeshire
, III, 11;
English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I
(1990– 91), II, 647–8.

25
Lilley, Lloyd and Campbell (2009), 18.

26
Masschaele (1993); Edwards and Hindle (1991); Schofield and Vince (2003), 35.

27
Laughton and Dyer (1999), 39; Oosthuizen (1993);
VCH Cambridgeshire
, X, 420–7; Hatcher and Bailey (2001), 146–7.

28
Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum
(1996), 22–5; Cooper (2000).

29
Harrison (2004), 47–8; Hindle (1998), 31–5; Millea (2007); Lilley, Lloyd and Campbell (2009).

30
Taylor (1979), 120–5; Bird (2007), 200–11.

31
Harrison (2004), 47–8.