The Lucky Years: How to Thrive in the Brave New World of Health (38 page)

20
. L. L. Ling et al., “A New Antibiotic Kills Pathogens Without Detectable Resistance,”
Nature
517, no. 7535 (January 22, 2015): 455–59, doi:10.1038/nature14098, Epub January 7, 2015.

1
. 
G. J. Xu et al., “Viral Immunology. Comprehensive Serological Profiling of Human Populations Using a Synthetic Human Virome,”
Science
348, no. 6239 (June 5, 2015): aaa0698, doi:10.1126/science.aaa0698. Also see Denise Grady, “New Test Traces a Person’s Virus History,”
Boston Globe
, June 5, 2015,
www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/06/04/single-test-for-all-virus-exposure-opens-doors-for-researchers/uZ7DwhaIHXha1ux1dtdb4K/story.html?
.

2
. J. Suez et al., “Artificial Sweeteners Induce Glucose Intolerance by Altering the Gut Microbiota,”
Nature
514, no. 7521 (October 9, 2014): 181–86, doi:10.1038/nature13793, Epub September 17, 2014.

3
. N. H. Shah et al., “Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population,”
PLOS ONE
10, no. 6 (June 10, 2015): E0124653, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124653, eCollection 2015. Also see Kristin Magaldi, “Common OTC Antacids Increase Risk of Heart Attack up to 21%,”
Medical Daily
, June 10, 2015,
www.medicaldaily.com /common-otc-antacids-increase-risk-heart-attack-21-337594?
.

4
. Y. T. Ghebremariam et al., “Unexpected Effect of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Elevation of the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Asymmetric Dimethylarginine,”
Circulation
128, no. 8 (August 20, 2013): 845–53, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003602, Epub July 3, 2013.

5
. Dominic Basulto, “How IBM Watson Will Impact Our Fight Against Cancer,”
Washington Post
, May 6, 2015.

6
. “Behind the Bloodshed: The Untold Story of America’s Mass Killings,”
USA Today
,
www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency
, accessed August 7, 2015. Also see
www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/09/16/mass-killings-data-map/2820423
, accessed August 7, 2015.

7
. C. Dufouil et al., “Older Age at Retirement Is Associated with Decreased Risk of Dementia,”
European Journal of Epidemiology
29, no. 5 (May 2014): 353–61, doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9906-3, Epub May 4, 2014.

8
. A. L. Hansell et al., “Aircraft Noise and Cardiovascular Disease Near Heathrow Airport in London: Small Area Study,”
British Medical Journal
34 (October 8, 2013): F5432, doi:10.1136/bmj.f5432.

9
. A. W. Correia et al., “Residential Exposure to Aircraft Noise and Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Diseases: Multi-Airport Retrospective Study,”
British Medical Journal
347 (October 8, 2013): F5561, doi:10.1136/bmj.f5561.

10
. Gina Kolata, “Antibiotics Are Effective in Appendicitis, Study Says,”
New York Times
, June 17, 2015, A17. Also see P. Salminen et al., “Antibiotic Therapy Vs. Appendectomy for Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Appendicitis: The APPAC Randomized Clinical Trial,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
313, no. 23 (June 16, 2015): 2340–48, doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6154.

11
. Q. Ke et al., “Defining and Identifying Sleeping Beauties in Science,”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
112, no. 24 (June 16, 2015): 7426–31, doi:10.1073/pnas.1424329112, Epub May 26, 2015.

12
. 
A big thanks goes out to Jay Walker for letting me reprint these images of the Bills of Mortality from his private collection and library. To see a virtual tour of his library, go to
www.walkerdigital.com/the-walker-library_video-tour.html
.

13
. Declan Butler, “When Google Got Flu Wrong,”
Nature
News, February 13, 2013. Also see “Google Flu Trends Gets It Wrong Three Years Running,” Daily News by
New Scientist
, March 13, 2014. Also see D. Lazer et al., “Big Data. The Parable of Google Flu: Traps in Big Data Analysis,”
Science
343, no. 6176 (March 14, 2014): 1203–5, doi:10.1126/science.1248506.

1
. Nicholas Wade, “Scientists Seek Ban on Method of Editing the Human Genome,”
New York Times
, March 19, 2015.

2
. D. Baltimore et al., “Biotechnology. A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification,”
Science
348, no. 6230 (April 3, 2015): 36–38, doi:10.1126/science.aab1028, Epub March 19, 2015.

3
. Sharon Bernardi’s story has been well reported by the media, especially in Europe. You can view a video of her pleas for change in preventing mitochondrial disease on YouTube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zb6NWmFLiDs
.

4
. For more about mitochondrial diseases, visit the Cleveland Clinic’s website devoted to this area:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic-what-are-mitochondrial-diseases/hic_Myths_and_Facts_About_Mitochondrial_Diseases
.

5
. The “three-parent” technology for eliminating mitochondrial disorders is well described in a thorough piece by Ewen Callaway, “Reproductive Medicine: The Power of Three,”
Nature
, News Feature, May 21, 2014.

6
. R. Rubin, “Precision Medicine: The Future or Simply Politics?,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
17, no. 313 (March 17, 2015): 1089–91, doi:10.1001/jama.2015.0957.

7
. B. Diouf et al., “Association of an Inherited Genetic Variant with Vincristine-Related Peripheral Neuropathy in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
313, no. 8 (February 24, 2015): 815–23, doi:10.1001/jama.2015.0894.

8
. R. Rubin, “Precision Medicine: The Future or Simply Politics?”

9
. For information about the Human Microbiome Project, go to National Institutes of Health’s dedicated site for the project:
http://hmpdacc.org
.

10
. 
Multiple studies now show the relationship between gut health and mental wellness. For a general overview, see the following: E. A. Mayer, K. Tillisch, and A. Gupta, “Gut/Brain Axis and the Microbiota,”
Journal of Clinical Investigation
125, no. 3 (March 2, 2015): 926–38, doi:10.1172/JCI76304, Epub February 17, 2015. Also see C. Schmidt, “Mental Health: Thinking from the Gut,”
Nature
518, no. 7540 (February 26, 2015): S12–15, doi:10.1038/518S13a.

11
. B. Chassaing, “Dietary Emulsifiers Impact the Mouse Gut Microbiota Promoting Colitis and Metabolic Syndrome,”
Nature
519, no. 7541 (March 5, 2015): 92–96, doi:10.1038/nature14232, Epub February 25, 2015.

12
. Multiple studies now demonstrate an association between the state of the gut microbiome and depression. Here’s one: G. De Palma et al., “Microbiota and Host Determinants of Behavioural Phenotype in Maternally Separated Mice,”
Nature Communications
6 (July 28, 2015): 7735, doi:10.1038/ncomms8735.

13
. Anna Azvolinsky, “Gut Microbes Influence Circadian Clock,”
Scientist
, April 16, 2014.

14
. S. DeWeerdt, “Microbiome: A Complicated Relationship Status,”
Nature
508, no. 7496 (April 17, 2014): S61–63, doi:10.1038/508S61a. See, in particular, box 1, “Lean Operation: Does the Microbiota Determine the Success of Gastric Surgery?”

15
. These remarks were made in the reporting of the study by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte: University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Office of Public Relations, “Study Links E. Coli Variety to Colorectal Cancer,” news release, August 17, 2012,
http://publicrelations.uncc.edu/news-events/news-releases/study-links-e-coli-variety-colorectal-cancer
. The following is the study’s official citation: Janelle C. Arthur et al., “Intestinal Inflammation Targets Cancer-Inducing Activity of the Microbiota,”
Science
338, no. 6103 (October 5, 2012), 120–23, doi:10.1126/science.1224820, Epub August 16, 2012.

16
. X. C. Dopico et al., “Widespread Seasonal Gene Expression Reveals Annual Differences in Human Immunity and Physiology,”
Nature Communications
6 (May 12, 2015): 7000, doi:10.1038/ncomms8000.

1
. R. Katz, “Biomarkers and Surrogate Markers: An FDA Perspective,”
NeuroRx
1, no. 2 (April 2004): 189–95.

2
. M. E. Tinetti, T. R. Fried, and C. M. Boyd, “Designing Health Care for the Most Common Chronic Condition—Multimorbidity,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
307, no. 23 (June 20, 2012): 2493–94, doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5265.

3
. 
M. Rahman and A. B. Berenson, “Self-Perception of Weight and Its Association with Weight-Related Behaviors in Young, Reproductive-Aged Women,”
Obstetrics & Gynecology
116, no. 6 (December 2010): 1274–80, doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181fdfc47.

4
. Benjamin Radford, “Forty Percent of Overweight Women Don’t Know It,” Discovery News, December 10, 2010,
http://news.discovery.com/human/psychology/40-of-overweight-women-dont-know-it-101210.htm
, accessed August 7, 2015.

5
. A. Lundahl, K. M. Kidwell, and T. D. Nelson, “Parental Underestimates of Child Weight: A Meta-analysis,”
Pediatrics
133, no. 3 (March 2014): E689–703, doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2690, Epub February 2, 2014. See also H. Y. Chen et al., “Personal and Parental Weight Misperception and Self-Reported Attempted Weight Loss in US Children and Adolescents, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2008 and 2009–2010,”
Preventing Chronic Disease
11 (July 31, 2014): E132, doi:10.5888/pcd11.140123. Also see Benjamin Radford’s coverage for
Discovery News
: “Most Americans Are Overweight But Don’t Know It,” June 17, 2014.

6
. Katherine Hobson, “Many Kids Who Are Obese or Overweight Don’t Know It,” NPR Health, July 23, 2014,
www.npr.org
:
http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/07/23/334091461/many-kids-who-are-obese-and-overweight-dont-know-it
.

7
. G. G. Kuhnle et al., “Association Between Sucrose Intake and Risk of Overweight and Obesity in a Prospective Sub-Cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk),”
Public Health Nutrition
(February 23, 2015): 1–10 (Epub ahead of print).

8
. S. Gill et al., “Time-Restricted Feeding Attenuates Age-Related Cardiac Decline in Drosophila,”
Science
347, no. 6227 (March 13, 2015): 1265–69, doi:10.1126/science.1256682. Also see Michael Price, “You Are When You Eat,” San Diego State University News Center, March 12, 2015,
http://universe.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news_story.aspx?sid=75480
.

9
. Ellie Zolfagharifard, “400,000-Year-Old Teeth Reveal First Evidence of Man-Made Pollution—and Show the ‘Caveman Diet’ Really Was Balanced,”
DailyMail.com
(UK), June 17, 2015,
www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3128818/400-000-year-old-teeth-reveal-evidence-man-pollution-shows-caveman-diet-really-balanced.html
, accessed August 8, 2015.

10
. A. Pan et al., “Red Meat Consumption and Mortality: Results from 2 Prospective Cohort Studies,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
172, no. 7 (April 9, 2012): 555–63, doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.2287, Epub March 12, 2012.

11
. 
M. Nagao et al., “Meat Consumption in Relation to Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease Among Japanese Men and Women,”
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
66, no. 6 (June 2012): 687–93. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.6, Epub February 15, 2012.

12
. R. Micha, S. K. Wallace, and D. Mozaffarian, “Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,”
Circulation
121, no. 21 (June 1, 2010): 2271–83, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924977, Epub May 17, 2010.

13
. The debate about the risk factors related to the consumption of red meat was well explained by Patrick J. Skerrett, “Study Urges Moderation in Red Meat Intake,”
Harvard Health
(blog), March 13, 2012,
www.health.harvard.edu/blog/study-urges-moderation-in-red-meat-intake-201203134490
.

14
. “Nearly 7 in 10 Americans Take Prescription Drugs, Mayo Clinic, Olmsted Medical Center Find,” Mayo Clinic News Network, June 19, 2013,
http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org
.

15
. Sumathi Reddy, “Why Seven Hours of Sleep Might Be Better Than Eight,”
Wall Street Journal
, July 21, 2014,
www.wsj.com/articles/sleep-experts-close-in-on-the-optimal-nights-sleep-1405984970?mod=trending_now_1
.

1
. R. T. Hasty et al., “Wikipedia Vs. Peer-Reviewed Medical Literature for Information About the 10 Most Costly Medical Conditions,”
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association,
114, no. 5 (May 2014): 368–73, doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.035.

2
. B. Nyhan and J. Reifler, “Does Correcting Myths About the Flu Vaccine Work? An Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Corrective Information,”
Vaccine
33, no. 3 (January 9, 2015): 459–64, doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.017, Epub December 8, 2014.

3
. Dan Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?,”
Science + Religion Today
(blog), May 4, 2011,
www.scienceandreligiontoday.com/2011/05/04/what-is-motivated-reasoning-and-how-does-it-work
.

4
. Building on the observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox, Jenner scraped the pus from cowpox blisters on the hand of a milkmaid patient of his named Sarah Neimes (who caught cowpox from a Gloucester cow named Blossom). On May 14, 1796, he then injected it into an eight-year-old boy who was the son of Jenner’s gardener, named James Phipps. The boy was later injected with smallpox-containing material twice, and nothing happened. By the way,
vacca
means “cow” in Latin; hence the name
vaccine
.