The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (88 page)
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Authors: Eric Ives
88
Lowinsky suggested that, ending as it does with a longa which could signify ‘the end’, the notation referred to Anne executed. This is unlikely since even after her fall Anne was still normally called ‘the queen’. An alternative speculation would see the minims referring to 1526 when Henry began to pursue Anne, 1527 when they were handfasted, and 1528 as the (anticipated) final year of waiting.
Lowinsky suggested that, ending as it does with a longa which could signify ‘the end’, the notation referred to Anne executed. This is unlikely since even after her fall Anne was still normally called ‘the queen’. An alternative speculation would see the minims referring to 1526 when Henry began to pursue Anne, 1527 when they were handfasted, and 1528 as the (anticipated) final year of waiting.
89
Cavendish,
Metrical Visions
, p. 36.
Cavendish,
Metrical Visions
, p. 36.
90
See pp. 24-5.
See pp. 24-5.
91
Josquin died in 1521.
Josquin died in 1521.
92
Jean Mouton died 1522. Anne could also have met Loyset Compere (d. 1518) who contributed three liturgical items.
Jean Mouton died 1522. Anne could also have met Loyset Compere (d. 1518) who contributed three liturgical items.
93
See pp. 273-4.
See pp. 273-4.
94
Knecht,
Renaissance Warrior and Patron,
pp. 460-1.
Knecht,
Renaissance Warrior and Patron,
pp. 460-1.
1
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.175.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.175.
2
The seminal exposition of M. Dowling, ‘Anne Boleyn and reform’, in
JEH
, 35 (1984), 30-46, has triggered considerable debate, e.g. Bernard, in
Hist
.
Journ.
36, 1-20; J. S. Block,
Factional Politics and the English Reformation, 1520-1549
(1993), pp. 28-32, 59-64; Ives, in
Hist. Journ.
37, 389-400, and in
François Ier et Henri VIII
, pp. 83-102; Warnicke,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 107-13, 152-4.
The seminal exposition of M. Dowling, ‘Anne Boleyn and reform’, in
JEH
, 35 (1984), 30-46, has triggered considerable debate, e.g. Bernard, in
Hist
.
Journ.
36, 1-20; J. S. Block,
Factional Politics and the English Reformation, 1520-1549
(1993), pp. 28-32, 59-64; Ives, in
Hist. Journ.
37, 389-400, and in
François Ier et Henri VIII
, pp. 83-102; Warnicke,
Rise and Fall,
pp. 107-13, 152-4.
3
RO, SP70/7, ff 1-11 [
Cal. S. P. For., 1558-59,
1303 at p. 532] - hereafter: Ales, ‘Letter’; Oxford, Bodl. MS Don. C. 42, f. 30. Dowling as ‘Cronickile’, pp. 23-65.
RO, SP70/7, ff 1-11 [
Cal. S. P. For., 1558-59,
1303 at p. 532] - hereafter: Ales, ‘Letter’; Oxford, Bodl. MS Don. C. 42, f. 30. Dowling as ‘Cronickile’, pp. 23-65.
4
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531-33,
p. 866
[LP,
vi.1460].
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531-33,
p. 866
[LP,
vi.1460].
5
Fox was very much of Anne’s religious temper [see p. 144]. He supported the Ten Articles and the
rapprochement
with the German reformers, but resisted sacramentarian heresy: MacCulloch,
Cranmer,
pp. 45-7, 195-6, 216-17; Ridley,
Cranmer,
pp. 119, 121, 163;
LP,
viii.823. Fox helped Ales. Nicholas Hawkins, archdeacon of Ely, should probably be added to the list. Intended for the see of Ely, he died early in January 1534 while returning from Spain:
LP
vi.661, 1546; vii.115 (2). Anne was very upset at the death of this reformer, who was close to Fox, a friend of Cranmer, visited Anne before leaving England and translated
The Glasse of Truth: LP
, v.1372, 1377; vi.661; vii.171;
St. Pap.
, vii p. 390 [
LP
, v.1564], ibid., p. 404 [
LP
, 1660].
Fox was very much of Anne’s religious temper [see p. 144]. He supported the Ten Articles and the
rapprochement
with the German reformers, but resisted sacramentarian heresy: MacCulloch,
Cranmer,
pp. 45-7, 195-6, 216-17; Ridley,
Cranmer,
pp. 119, 121, 163;
LP,
viii.823. Fox helped Ales. Nicholas Hawkins, archdeacon of Ely, should probably be added to the list. Intended for the see of Ely, he died early in January 1534 while returning from Spain:
LP
vi.661, 1546; vii.115 (2). Anne was very upset at the death of this reformer, who was close to Fox, a friend of Cranmer, visited Anne before leaving England and translated
The Glasse of Truth: LP
, v.1372, 1377; vi.661; vii.171;
St. Pap.
, vii p. 390 [
LP
, v.1564], ibid., p. 404 [
LP
, 1660].
6
Note the role of Goodrich, Skip and Capon in saving John Merbeck: Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.482-4, 486, 490-2.
Note the role of Goodrich, Skip and Capon in saving John Merbeck: Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.482-4, 486, 490-2.
7
Wood,
Letters
, ii.188-9 [
LP
, vii.693].
Wood,
Letters
, ii.188-9 [
LP
, vii.693].
8
LP,
iv.4647, App. 197.
LP,
iv.4647, App. 197.
9
LP
, vii.89; ix.189. Chapuys refers to the protection of ‘Lutheran’ clerics by Anne and her father in Mar. 1531 and May 1532, possibly Latimer in each case:
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531-33,
pp. 96, 445
[LP,
v.148, 1013].
LP
, vii.89; ix.189. Chapuys refers to the protection of ‘Lutheran’ clerics by Anne and her father in Mar. 1531 and May 1532, possibly Latimer in each case:
Cal. S. P. Span., 1531-33,
pp. 96, 445
[LP,
v.148, 1013].
10
For the following
see LP
, v.333; viii.412, 466; ix.1091; x.19, 1182; cf E. G. Rupp,
Studies in the Making of the English Protestant Tradition
(Cambridge, 1947), pp. 62-72.
For the following
see LP
, v.333; viii.412, 466; ix.1091; x.19, 1182; cf E. G. Rupp,
Studies in the Making of the English Protestant Tradition
(Cambridge, 1947), pp. 62-72.
11
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.250; Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 824.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.250; Hall,
Chronicle
, p. 824.
12
LP
, viii.722.
LP
, viii.722.
13
The Zurich Letters,
ed. H. Robinson (Parker Society, 1842, 1845), i.200.
The Zurich Letters,
ed. H. Robinson (Parker Society, 1842, 1845), i.200.
14
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.605.
Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.605.
15
Cal. S. P. Span., 1536-38,
p. 91 [
LP
, x.699].
Cal. S. P. Span., 1536-38,
p. 91 [
LP
, x.699].
16
Bentley,
Excerpta Historica
, p. 263; Constantine, in
Archaeologia,
23, 65; for the various versions of this speech see pp. 272, 419n. 14.
Bentley,
Excerpta Historica
, p. 263; Constantine, in
Archaeologia,
23, 65; for the various versions of this speech see pp. 272, 419n. 14.
17
Elton,
Reform and Renewal,
p. 23. The Tebold letters should conjecturally be ordered: 31 July 1535 Antwerp, dated by the return to England of Gabriel Donne; 9 Jan. 1536 Orleans, dated by the reference to ‘last Lent’ and the new pope; 4 Apr. Frankfurt, dated by the reference to Wolfe and the location of Charles V; post 12 Mar. Frankfurt or Tübingen (?), dated by the enclosure and the reference to the invasion of Savoy:
LP
, viii.1151; ix.522; viii.33; iv.6304; x.458.
Elton,
Reform and Renewal,
p. 23. The Tebold letters should conjecturally be ordered: 31 July 1535 Antwerp, dated by the return to England of Gabriel Donne; 9 Jan. 1536 Orleans, dated by the reference to ‘last Lent’ and the new pope; 4 Apr. Frankfurt, dated by the reference to Wolfe and the location of Charles V; post 12 Mar. Frankfurt or Tübingen (?), dated by the enclosure and the reference to the invasion of Savoy:
LP
, viii.1151; ix.522; viii.33; iv.6304; x.458.
18
For Poinz see
LP
, ix.182, 405; Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.121-7;
House of Commons,
iii.147.
For Poinz see
LP
, ix.182, 405; Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.121-7;
House of Commons,
iii.147.
19
LP
, x.942.
LP
, x.942.
20
Ales, ‘Letter’, p. 532.
Ales, ‘Letter’, p. 532.
21
See p. 328 and
LP,
x.942.
See p. 328 and
LP,
x.942.
22
See p. 388 n. 22; Cranmer,
Letters
, pp. 290-1;
LP
, ix.561.
See p. 388 n. 22; Cranmer,
Letters
, pp. 290-1;
LP
, ix.561.
23
LP
, vi.700.
LP
, vi.700.
24
LP
, viii.834, 1056. Whether or not Anne’s letter about Vale Royal was effective is not clear. The successful candidate was John Harware, abbot of Hulton: Thornton,
Cheshire,
pp. 198, 206-7.
LP
, viii.834, 1056. Whether or not Anne’s letter about Vale Royal was effective is not clear. The successful candidate was John Harware, abbot of Hulton: Thornton,
Cheshire,
pp. 198, 206-7.
25
For the following see Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, ff. 30v-31 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, pp. 60-1]; Burnet,
History
, iv.221;
LP
, viii.989.
For the following see Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, ff. 30v-31 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, pp. 60-1]; Burnet,
History
, iv.221;
LP
, viii.989.
26
For the following see Wriothesley,
Chronicle
, i.90; LP, vii. App. 35; viii.989; ix.747, 1118; x.192; Knowles,
Religious Orders,
iii.352-3.
For the following see Wriothesley,
Chronicle
, i.90; LP, vii. App. 35; viii.989; ix.747, 1118; x.192; Knowles,
Religious Orders,
iii.352-3.
27
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 31 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 61].
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 31 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 61].
28
For the following see Knowles,
Religious Orders,
iii.218-20;
LP
, ix.954, 986. Knowles [p. 216] gives the date as autumn 1534.
For the following see Knowles,
Religious Orders,
iii.218-20;
LP
, ix.954, 986. Knowles [p. 216] gives the date as autumn 1534.
29
On this see especially Dowling, in
JEH
, 35, 38-41.
On this see especially Dowling, in
JEH
, 35, 38-41.
30
House of Commons,
i.626-9; Parker,
Correspondence
, pp. 2-3.
House of Commons,
i.626-9; Parker,
Correspondence
, pp. 2-3.
31
Ibid., pp. 1-2.
Ibid., pp. 1-2.
32
Ibid., pp. 4-5.
Ibid., pp. 4-5.
33
Ibid., p. ix.
Ibid., p. ix.
34
Cranmer,
Letters
, p. 308.
Cranmer,
Letters
, p. 308.
35
Parker,
Correspondence,
pp. 59, 391, 400; see pp. 256, 286.
Parker,
Correspondence,
pp. 59, 391, 400; see pp. 256, 286.
36
An alternative identification is Thomas Forman: Dowling,
Humanism
, p. 82.
An alternative identification is Thomas Forman: Dowling,
Humanism
, p. 82.
37
Dowling, in
JEH
, 35, 36-7.
Dowling, in
JEH
, 35, 36-7.
38
For Hilsey see
LP
, vi.433(iii). Shaxton and Latimer both resigned their bishoprics in 1539 because of the apparently reactionary
Statute of Six Articles
. Shaxton recanted heretical opinions in 1546 and died in 1556 as a suffragan bishop reconciled to Rome. Latimer was burned as a heretic in 1555.
For Hilsey see
LP
, vi.433(iii). Shaxton and Latimer both resigned their bishoprics in 1539 because of the apparently reactionary
Statute of Six Articles
. Shaxton recanted heretical opinions in 1546 and died in 1556 as a suffragan bishop reconciled to Rome. Latimer was burned as a heretic in 1555.
39
L. Febvre,
Au coeur religieux du XVIe siècle
(Paris, 1957), p. 66.
L. Febvre,
Au coeur religieux du XVIe siècle
(Paris, 1957), p. 66.
40
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 31v [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 62].
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 31v [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 62].
41
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 32 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 63].
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, f. 32 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, p. 63].
42
BL, Royal MS 20. B xvii f. 1.
BL, Royal MS 20. B xvii f. 1.
43
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, ff. 31v, 32 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, pp. 62-3].
Latymer, ‘Treatyse’, ff. 31v, 32 [Dowling, ‘Cronickille’, pp. 62-3].
44
LP,
vi.458.
LP,
vi.458.
45
The newe Testament
(Antwerp, 1534) [BL, C23 a8].
The newe Testament
(Antwerp, 1534) [BL, C23 a8].
46
Ibid., iv.3960.
Ibid., iv.3960.
47
BL, Sloane MS 1207, ff. iv, 3. The petition is only in draft, mixed up among other jottings. That it was actually presented can only be assumed.
BL, Sloane MS 1207, ff. iv, 3. The petition is only in draft, mixed up among other jottings. That it was actually presented can only be assumed.
48
Ellis,
Letters
, I ii.46.
Ellis,
Letters
, I ii.46.
49
A. G. Dickens,
The English Reformation
(1964), p. 131. A tradition exists that Anne Boleyn presented to her ladies miniature psalters or prayer books, and that one of these was given by her on the scaffold to a member of the Wyatt family. Tiny religious books were the height of female fashion at the time - but the tradition is only identifiable from the early eighteenth century and was not known to George Wyatt. Two such have been identified with this story: (i) BL, Stowe MS 956, formerly in the collection of the earl of Ashburnham, a metrical version of thirteen penitential psalms translated into English by John Croke. The frontispiece is a miniature of Henry VIII after the Holbein privy chamber pattern (i.e. post 1537). Hist. Mss. Comm.
Eighth Report
, iii (1881) suggested that the miniature was an addition; this is not taken up by BL,
Catalogue of Stowe Mss
. H. Tait, ‘Historiate Tudor jewellery’, in
Antiquaries Journal,
42 (1962), 234-5, accepts dating by the image of the king. (ii) A MS owned by the earl of Romney in 1873, edited and described by his brother, Robert Marsham, in
Archaeologia,
44 (1873), 259-72, English prayers and psalms in prose. Item 10 [pp. 270-1] is the prayer attributed to Thomas Cromwell on the scaffold [Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.403]. Neither book, therefore, can have been owned by Anne. Marsham, in a letter now pasted in Alnwick, Percy MS 465 (see pp. 241-2), claimed that the Ashburnham MS [now Stowe 956] was the same described by R. Triphook in his edition of George Wyatt,
Life of Anne Boleigne
(1817). [See also J. Rowlands,
The Age of Dürer and Holbein
(1988), p. 241.] There is no contemporary record of Anne giving gifts on the scaffold, which must cast doubt on the pendant supposedly given to a Captain Gwyn: Doran,
Elizabeth
, p. 11.
A. G. Dickens,
The English Reformation
(1964), p. 131. A tradition exists that Anne Boleyn presented to her ladies miniature psalters or prayer books, and that one of these was given by her on the scaffold to a member of the Wyatt family. Tiny religious books were the height of female fashion at the time - but the tradition is only identifiable from the early eighteenth century and was not known to George Wyatt. Two such have been identified with this story: (i) BL, Stowe MS 956, formerly in the collection of the earl of Ashburnham, a metrical version of thirteen penitential psalms translated into English by John Croke. The frontispiece is a miniature of Henry VIII after the Holbein privy chamber pattern (i.e. post 1537). Hist. Mss. Comm.
Eighth Report
, iii (1881) suggested that the miniature was an addition; this is not taken up by BL,
Catalogue of Stowe Mss
. H. Tait, ‘Historiate Tudor jewellery’, in
Antiquaries Journal,
42 (1962), 234-5, accepts dating by the image of the king. (ii) A MS owned by the earl of Romney in 1873, edited and described by his brother, Robert Marsham, in
Archaeologia,
44 (1873), 259-72, English prayers and psalms in prose. Item 10 [pp. 270-1] is the prayer attributed to Thomas Cromwell on the scaffold [Foxe,
Acts and Monuments,
v.403]. Neither book, therefore, can have been owned by Anne. Marsham, in a letter now pasted in Alnwick, Percy MS 465 (see pp. 241-2), claimed that the Ashburnham MS [now Stowe 956] was the same described by R. Triphook in his edition of George Wyatt,
Life of Anne Boleigne
(1817). [See also J. Rowlands,
The Age of Dürer and Holbein
(1988), p. 241.] There is no contemporary record of Anne giving gifts on the scaffold, which must cast doubt on the pendant supposedly given to a Captain Gwyn: Doran,
Elizabeth
, p. 11.
50
Erasmus,
Enchiridion Militis Christiani
(1503), quoted from
The Essential Erasmus
, ed. J. P. Dolan (New York, 1964), p. 37.
Erasmus,
Enchiridion Militis Christiani
(1503), quoted from
The Essential Erasmus
, ed. J. P. Dolan (New York, 1964), p. 37.
51
Enarratio in Psalmum xxii
(Freiburg, 1530);
De praeparatione ad mortem
(Freiburg, 1533), translated as
A preparation to deathe
(Berthelet, 1538) [the quotation is from sig. Aiv];
Explanatio Symboli
(Freiburg, 1533), translated as
A playne and godly exposytion or declaration of the commune crede
(Redman, 1533).
Enarratio in Psalmum xxii
(Freiburg, 1530);
De praeparatione ad mortem
(Freiburg, 1533), translated as
A preparation to deathe
(Berthelet, 1538) [the quotation is from sig. Aiv];
Explanatio Symboli
(Freiburg, 1533), translated as
A playne and godly exposytion or declaration of the commune crede
(Redman, 1533).
52
Carley,
in Illuminating the Book
, p. 277 n.50.
Carley,
in Illuminating the Book
, p. 277 n.50.
53
La Saincte Bible en Francoys
(Antwerp, 1534) [BL, C18 c 9]. ‘For as in Adam all die, so in Christ shall all be made alive’ [1 Corinthians 15: 22]. ‘The law was given by Moses [but] grace and truth [came] by Jesus Christ’ [John 1:17].
La Saincte Bible en Francoys
(Antwerp, 1534) [BL, C18 c 9]. ‘For as in Adam all die, so in Christ shall all be made alive’ [1 Corinthians 15: 22]. ‘The law was given by Moses [but] grace and truth [came] by Jesus Christ’ [John 1:17].
54
Les Choses contenu en ce present livre
(Paris, 1525?).
Les Choses contenu en ce present livre
(Paris, 1525?).
55
Lecclesiaste Preschant que toutes chose sans dieu sont vanite
(Alenqon, 1530?).
Lecclesiaste Preschant que toutes chose sans dieu sont vanite
(Alenqon, 1530?).
56
Carley, in
Illuminating the Book,
pp. 266-8.
Carley, in
Illuminating the Book,
pp. 266-8.
57
Ibid., p. 272.
Ibid., p. 272.
58
Ibid., p. 277 at n.43.
Ibid., p. 277 at n.43.
59
Carley also suggests that the translation enabled George to demonstrate his accomplishments, and reconciled court culture and piety: ibid. pp. 271-2. Cf. ‘as much for public demonstrations of piety as for personal devotion’ [Dowling, in
Henry VIII: European Court
, p. 108] and ‘made moderate reform a thing for English gentlemen’ [Ives, in
François Ier et Henri VIII
, p. 102].
Carley also suggests that the translation enabled George to demonstrate his accomplishments, and reconciled court culture and piety: ibid. pp. 271-2. Cf. ‘as much for public demonstrations of piety as for personal devotion’ [Dowling, in
Henry VIII: European Court
, p. 108] and ‘made moderate reform a thing for English gentlemen’ [Ives, in
François Ier et Henri VIII
, p. 102].
60
Shakespeare and Dowling, in
BIHR
, 55, 97; cf.
LP
, viii.197.
Shakespeare and Dowling, in
BIHR
, 55, 97; cf.
LP
, viii.197.
61
LP,
x.827.
LP,
x.827.
62
BL Royal MS 16 E 13.
BL Royal MS 16 E 13.
63
In Clémont Marot,
Psaumes
(Antwerp, 1541).
In Clémont Marot,
Psaumes
(Antwerp, 1541).
64
C. A. Mayer, in ‘Le “Sermon du bon pasteur”, un problème d‘attribution’, in
Bibliothèque d’humanisme et Renaissance
, 27 (1965), 286-303, and ‘Anne Boleyn et la version originale du “Sermon du bon pasteur” d’Almanque Papillon’, in
Bulletin de la Société d’histoire du Protestantisme Français,
132 (1986), 337-46.
C. A. Mayer, in ‘Le “Sermon du bon pasteur”, un problème d‘attribution’, in
Bibliothèque d’humanisme et Renaissance
, 27 (1965), 286-303, and ‘Anne Boleyn et la version originale du “Sermon du bon pasteur” d’Almanque Papillon’, in
Bulletin de la Société d’histoire du Protestantisme Français,
132 (1986), 337-46.
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