The Holocaust (161 page)

Stanislawow: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
; Jews deported to Belzec from (1942),
3

Stankewicz: murder of Jews at,
1

Star of David: a Jewish symbol, and the Swastika,
1
; and the Berlin boycott (1933),
2
,
3
; not to be worn in Warsaw (1939),
4
; and the Jewish Police (in Warsaw),
5
; not to be worn in Belgium (1940),
6
; on the roof, at Belzec death camp (1942),
7
; Italians allow Jews not to wear (in occupied France),
8
; Eichmann’s assurance concerning (in Hungary),
9
; an incident concerning (in Rhodes),
10

Stara Gradiska: Jews murdered at,
1

Stari Becej: Jews and Serbs murdered at (1942),
1

Starodub: Jews shot at (1941),
1

Starosielce: a deportation train passes,
1

Stary Ciepielow: Poles killed on suspicion of helping Jews,
1

Statistics: dull the mind,
1

Stawiski: Jews shot near (1941),
1

Steier (from Izbica): at Chelmno,
1
; killed (1942),
2

Stein, Simon: killed, with his mother (1943),
1

Stein, Z.: killed with his patients (1942),
1

Sterdyner, Josef: escapes, and testifies (1962),
1

Sternberg, Judith: arrives in Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1

Sternberg, Dr Moritz: commits suicide (1938),
1

Stettin: Jews deported from (1939),
1
; a further deportation from (1940),
2

Steuer (‘a high-ranking Nazi’): in Jaworow,
1

‘Stock Exchange of Hell’, the: diamonds and potatoes at,
1

Stock, SS Quartermaster-Sergeant: and the Palmnicken massacre (1945),
1

Stojka, Stanislaw: killed for hiding Jews (1943),
1

Stoliar, David: survives,
1
,
2
n.
3

Stolpce: the ‘action’ at (1942),
1

Stormtroops:
see index entry for
S.A.

Strasbourg: Jewish ‘exhibits’ in,
1
; a Jew from, murdered in Oradour,
2

Straus, Simon: his courage, and his death (1934),
1

Strauss, Dr Alfred: murdered (1933),
1

Strebel (an Ethnic German): on a farm at Treblinka,
1

Streicher, Julius:
1
; orders Jews to eat grass (1933),
2
; his bodyguard,
3
; his newspaper campaign against Jews,
4
; his ‘signal victory’ (1935),
5

Strogin, Mira: helps resistance,
1

Stroop, SS Brigadier-General Jurgen: and the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Struma:
death of refugees on (1942),
1

Sturm, Franz: shot (1940),
1

Sturmer, Der:
1
,
2
,
3
; and ‘the extermination of the Jews’ (March 1943),
4

Stuttgart: Jews deported to Riga from (1941),
1

Stutthof Concentration Camp: established (1940),
1
; deportations to (1944),
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; a Jew deported to, sent on to Dachau (1944),
6
; Jews evacuated to,
7
; and a deception,
8
; and liberation during an evacuation from (1945),
9
; death of some of the remaining prisoners in,
10
; escape of evacuees from,
11
; Jews from, at Buchenwald,
12
; final evacuation from (25 April 1945),
13
; an inmate of, liberated near Dachau,
14

Succoth, Festival of: Jews deported during (1939),
1
; mass murder during (1941),
2

Sucharczuk, Jacob: commits suicide (1941),
1

Sudetenland:
1
,
2

Sudowicz, Israel: plans revolt,
1

Sugihara, Sempo: helps Jews (1940),
1
,
2

Suhr, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Friedrich:
1

Suicide:
1
; of Stefan Lux (1936),
2
; alleged,
3
; in Vienna (1938),
4
,
5
; in Worms (1938),
6
; on boat from Finland (1938),
7
; in Nuremberg (1938),
8
; in Slovakia (1938),
9
; in Paris (1940),
10
; in Spain (1940),
11
; in Warsaw (1940),
12
; in Lodz (1941),
13
; in Miedzyrzec (1941),
14
; in Rowne (1941),
15
; in Germany (1941),
16
; at Chelmno (1942),
17
,
18
; in Britain (1942),
19
; in Berlin (on 3 April 1942),
20
; to die at one’s chosen moment,
21
; a ruling against,
22
; at Szczebrzeszyn,
23
; in Lodz,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
; during the deportations from Warsaw (1942),
29
,
30
; at Wlodzimierz Wolynski,
31
; attempted, at Les Milles,
32
; of Jews being turned back from Switzerland to France (1942),
33
; in Siemiatycze,
34
; in Warsaw (1943),
35
,
36
n. 5; in Bialystok (1943),
37
; in a deportation train,
38
,
39
,
40
; at Birkenau,
41
,
42
,
43
; during the Warsaw uprising,
44
; at Poniatowa,
45
; in the sewers of Lvov,
46
; in Vilna,
47
; after an escape from Kovno,
48
; after capture,
49
; in Kovno,
50
; at Dachau,
51
; by Hitler, in Berlin,
52
; by a survivor, after liberation,
53

Sulejow: Jews killed in (1939),
1

Suprasl: Jews flee from,
1

Suresnes: executions at,
1

Sutzkever, Avraham: recalls events in the Vilna ghetto,
1
,
2

Suwalki: and a deception,
1

Svirsky, Lea (Leila): recalls death of her sister (1944),
1
; recalls the moment of liberation (1944),
2

Swabia: a courageous act in (1938),
1

Swastika: becomes the Nazi symbol (1921),
1
; cut into a Jew’s chest (1933),
2
; burnt in Chicago (1938),
3

Sweden: Jews reach safety of (1940),
1
; possible fate of Jews in,
2
; Norwegian Jews find refuge in (1942),
3
; Danish Jews escape to (1943),
4
; Hungarian Jews protected by (1944),
5
; Danish Jews at Theresienstadt released by a negotiator from (1945),
6
; Jewish women to be sent to,
7
,
8

Sweden, King of: his protest,
1

Swieciany: escape from (1941),
1
; a further escape from (1943),
2
; massacre of Jews from (1943),
3
; grave of a Jew from,
4

Swierzen Nowy: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Swietojerska Street (Warsaw): an incident on,
1
; poison gas on,
2

Swietoplawski, Gershon: dies (1942),
1

Swiss Red Cross: an official of, tries to help Jews,
1

Switala, Stanislaw: shelters Jews,
1

Switzerland: assassination of a Nazi in (1936),
1
; Jews find refuge in,
2
,
3
,
4
; Jews from Luxembourg seek safety in,
5
; possible fate of Jews in,
6
; restrictions on entry of refugees imposed by (1942),
7
,
8
; news of mass murder of Jews reaches,
9
; fate of a non-Jew who helped Jews escape to,
10
; and a German deception,
11
,
12
; Italian Jews escape to,
13
; Berlin Jews sent to,
14
; French Jews smuggled to,
15
,
16
; a few Hungarian Jews allowed to leave for,
17
; news of murder of Hungarian Jews at Auschwitz reaches,
18
; and the protection of Jews in Budapest,
19
,
20
; death of a Jewish girl who helped smuggle children to,
21

Symcha (a partisan): and the death of a Jew in hiding (1943),
1

Synagogues: desecrated (1931),
1
; used to humiliate Jews (1938),
2
; burned down (1938),
3
;
Mein Kampf
read in (1938),
4
; and the
Kristallnacht
(1938),
5
; Jews killed in (1939),
6
; indignities against Jews in (1939),
7
; set on fire (1939),
8
; desecrated (1941),
9
; Jews locked in (1941),
10
; plundered (1941),
11
; set on fire (1941),
12
; Jews assaulted in (1941),
13
; six hundred Jews burnt to death in (1941),
14
; Jews held in, on way to a death camp (1942),
15
,
16
; a revolt planned in,
17
; Jews held in, before being sent to their deaths (1942),
18
; and an assurance (1944),
19

Syria:
1

Szajman, Herszek: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Szajman, Lejbus: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Szalet, Leon: recalls torments at Birkenau,
1
; recalls the Day of Atonement at Birkenau,
2

Szapira, Dana: recalls the time of deportation, and after,
1

Szarkowszczyzna: escape of Jews from (1942),
1

Szarmans, the: in hiding,
1

Szczebrzeyszyn: Jews taken to labour camps from (1940),
1
; ‘a happy day’ at (1940),
2
; news of the mass murder of Jews known at (1942),
3
; a dying child at,
4
; an act of courage at,
5
; deportations from (1942),
6
,
7
,
8
; and the fate of a Pole who sheltered Jews (1943),
9

Szebnie camp: mass murder at,
1
; a deportation from,
2

Szebulski, Lieutenant Jan: commands a fighting unit (August 1944),
1

Szenes, Hanna: ‘someone was coming’,
1
; executed (1944),
2

Szerynski, Jozef: shot, but survives,
1
; his successor shot, and killed,
2
; his own suicide (1943),
3
n. 5

Szklar, Yerechmiel: supports resistance,
1
; killed,
2

Szmulemicz family (of Lodz): their fate,
1

Szmulewicz, Abram: dies (1941),
1

Sznajder, Iccok: attacked by Polish thugs, after liberation,
1

Sznajder, Mejer: disappears, after liberation,
1

Sznajderman, Tamar: brings ‘new hope’,
1
; killed (1943),
2

Szombathely: experiments on twin sisters from (1944),
1

Szosznik (a Hebrew teacher): his act of defiance,
1

Szpiro, Rabbi Klonimus-Kelmisz: his prayer,
1

Szrensk: fate of Jews from (1942),
1

Sztajnberg, Alter: killed (1941),
1

Sztokhammer, Rabbi Szymszon: his prayer,
1

Szubilski, Hans Eduard: deported to Auschwitz from Finland, and later shot,
1

Szulman, Rabbi Jakub: learns of the mass murder of Jews at Chelmno (1942),
1

Szumacher, Fania: murdered, after liberation,
1

Szumsk: a police chief attacked in,
1

Szweryn, Edward: shot (1939),
1

Szydlowiec: a mass execution at,
1

Szykier, Dr L.: witnesses a hospital ‘action’,
1

Szyldkraut, Irena: rescued, and killed (1944),
1

Tabakman, Meir: gassed (1944),
1

Tabakman, Raizl: deported,
1

Tabau, Jerzy: at Birkenau,
1

Taglicht, Dr: humiliated (1938),
1

Talmon, Hadassa: recalls the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
1

Tandowski, Abram: executed (1943),
1

Tarlo, Gitele: murdered (1941),
1

Tarnobrzeg: Jews driven from (1939),
1

Tarnopol: a writer killed on his way to (1941),
1

Tarnow: deportation to Auschwitz from (1940),
1
; deportation to Belzec from (1942),
2
; final deportations from, and resistance (1943),
3

Tartakovskaya, Sara: ‘I was standing weeping’ (1944),
1
; ‘Jewish blood is taking revenge’ at Babi Yar (1961),
2

Tartkakower, Jochanan: killed in action (1944),
1
n.
2

Tasmajdan camp: Jews brought to (1941),
1

Tatarsk: Jews resist at (1941),
1

Tatra mountains: survivors in,
1

Tcherekas, Pavilas: witness to a massacre (1944),
1

Teitelbaum, Naftali: murdered, after liberation,
1

Tel Aviv: and the Warsaw ghetto,
1

Tenenbaum, Joseph: witnesses anti-Jewish ‘guffaws’ after liberation,
1

Tenenbaum, Judah: killed during an act of resistance (1942),
1

Tenenbaum, Mordecai: and the development of resistance in Bialystok,
1
; his girl friend killed (1943),
2
; and the Bialystok ghetto revolt,
3

Teofipol: mass murder of Jews at (1942),
1

Teumann, Gisela: recalls a death march,
1

Thadden, von: and ‘anti-Jewish feelings’,
1

Thälmann, Ernst:
1

The Times:
quoted (1919),
1
; (1933),
2
; (1935),
3
; reports on deportations from France (1942),
4
,
5