The Holocaust (148 page)

Garnek, Henri: aged eleven, killed (1942),
1

Garnek, Jean: aged three, killed (1942),
1

Gartner, Ella: helps a revolt,
1
; arrested,
2
; hanged (1944),
3

Gas (poison gas): Hitler’s reference to (1926),
1
; discussions on the use of (1941),
2
; Jews murdered by, at Kalisz (October 1941),
3
; Jews murdered by, at Bernburg (November 1941),
4
; Jews murdered by, at Chelmno (December 1941),
5
,
6
; at Auschwitz-Birkenau (1942)
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
; during the Warsaw uprising (1943),
12
; at Riga,
13
,
14
; at Chelmno,
15
; at Sobibor,
16
; at Belzec,
17
,
18
,
19
; the search for ‘a more toxic and faster’ variety,
20

Gawerman (from Izbica): at Chelmno,
1

Gawze, Dr: commits suicide (1943),
1

Gdov: resistance near,
1

Gebhardt, SS Major-General Professor: and medical experiments,
1

Gebirtig, Mordche: ‘your weapon of laughter’ (1940),
1
; shot (1942),
2

Gedye, G. E. R.: a witness (1938),
1
,
2

Geleman, Abraham: killed (1944),
1

Geller, Eliezer: survives a tragic accident,
1

Gelleri, Andor Endre: dies after liberation (1945),
1

Gendelman, Josef: leads mass escape,
1

General Government (of German-occupied central and southern Poland):
1
,
2
; forbids further emigration of Jews (25 October 1940),
3

Geneva: reports of Jewish fate reach (1940),
1

Genoa: death of the rabbi of,
1

Gens, Jacob: appeals to Germans, in vain (1941),
1
; and the moral law,
2
; and a ‘shocking secret’,
3
; his confidence,
4
; and ‘the justification for our existence’ (1943),
5
; urges the surrender of a Jewish resistance leader,
6
; seeks path to ‘normal life’,
7
; shot (September 1943),
8

Gentz, Commissar: and an ‘instinct’ for the ‘Jewish problem’ (1942),
1

Gerlier, Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons: refuses to surrender Jewish children,
1

German People’s Winter Aid campaign: complaints concerning clothing for,
1

German Red Cross: visits Birkenau,
1

Germany: and the First World War,
1
; and the Locarno Agreement (1925),
2
; invades the Soviet Union (1941),
3
,
4
; first deportations from (to the East),
5
; first gassing of Jews (at Chelmno),
6
; declares war on the United States (11 December 1941),
7
; Jews of, to be placed ‘ahead of the line’,
8
; further deportations planned from (1942),
9
; fate of Jews from, at Sobibor (1942),
10
; Jews deported from, at a labour camp on the River Bug,
11
; Jews from, deported from Holland to Auschwitz,
12
; witnesses of mass murder visit the east from,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
; a surgeon from, reaches Auschwitz,
17
,
18
; Churchill’s warning to (8 September 1942),
19
; the hair of the victims sent to,
20
; women prisoners from, and a gruesome incident,
21
; military operations by, against Jews in hiding,
22
; civilians from, help Jews in Bialystok,
23
; and the despatch of the clothes of the victims to,
24
,
25
,
26
; Jewish refugees from, in
Denmark,
27
; Allies advance against,
28
; a Jewish girl from, in hiding in Holland (1944),
29
; Jews from, rescued from Yugoslavia,
30
; re-enter Hungary (October 1944),
31
; evacuate labour camps in occupied Poland,
32
,
33
,
34
,
35
,
36
,
37
; camps in, liberated (1945),
38
,
39
,
40
,
41
; ‘cut in half’ by the Allied armies (25 April 1945),
42
; surrenders (8 May 1945),
43

Gernsheim, Dr Friedrich: commits suicide (1938),
1

Gernsheim, Rosa: commits suicide (1938),
1

Gerntner, Bajla: murdered, after liberation,
1

Gerstein, Kurt: an eye-witness to mass murder (August 1942),
1
,
2

Gesia Street (Warsaw): two Jews murdered at (1941),
1
; an old woman murdered at (1942),
2

Gesiowka camp (Warsaw): Jews sent to,
1

Gestapo (
Geheime Staatspolizei
, Secret State Police): established (1933),
1
; negotiations with (1937),
2
; and the German conquest of Poland (1939),
3
; in Warsaw (1940),
4
,
5
; their Berlin offices (1940),
6
; and the eastern killings (1941),
7
; in Kovno,
8
,
9
; at Stanislawow (1941),
10
; at Chelmno (1942),
11
passim
; at Zdunska Wola (1942),
12
; in Mlawa (1942),
13
; in Warsaw (1942),
14
,
15
; in Wurzburg (1942),
16
; at Radom near Lida (1942),
17
; at Mielec,
18
; at Zdunska Wola,
19
; at Wlodawa,
20
; at Tarnow,
21
; at Belzec,
22
,
23
; in Lodz,
24
,
25
; in Dzialoszyce,
26
,
27
; at Tuczyn,
28
; at Kaluszyn,
29
; at Zaklikow,
30
; at Drohiczyn,
31
; in Piotrkow,
32
,
33
; in Radomsko,
34
; at Lomza,
35
; in Bialystok,
36
; in Cracow,
37
,
38
; in Lithuania,
39
; in Tunis,
40
; in Paris,
41
; in Lvov,
42
; in Vilna,
43
,
44
; in Rome,
45
; in Warsaw (1943),
46
,
47
; in France,
48
,
49
; in Hungary
50
; on the Greek island of Zante,
51
; at Palmnicken,
52
; at Cuneo,
53

Ghettos: their renewal proposed (21 September 1939),
1
; established,
2
,
3
,
4
; in German-occupied Russia (1941),
5
,
6
,
7
; at Theresienstadt,
8
; hope in (January 1942),
9
.
See also index entries for
Courage, acts of; Defiance, acts of; Resistance, acts of; Jewish Councils; and the individual ghettos (Warsaw, Lodz, Piotrkow, Riga, Kovno, Dvinsk, Theresienstadt etc.)

Giado: forced labour camp at,
1

Gidaly, Paul: watches a death march (1944),
1

Gilbert, Shlomo: killed, with his daughter, at Treblinka (1942),
1

Gilchik, Leva: escapes, to fall in battle (1942),
1

Gildenmann, Moshe: a Jewish partisan leader,
1
,
2
,
3

Gilerowicz, Leib: killed (1942),
1

Ginsberg (a Jewish policeman): courage of,
1

Ginsberg-Rabinowicz, Dr Maria: commits suicide after liberation,
1

Ginsburger, Ernest: gassed (1943),
1

Girshman (in hiding near Riga): discovered and shot (1944),
1

Giter (from Bydgoszcz): at Chelmno,
1

Gitla (a Jewess): ‘We are going to work’,
1

Gitter, Asscher: shot (1939),
1

Gitterman, Yitzhak: killed (1943),
1

Glanc, Rivka: and the dilemma of resistance,
1
; killed (1943),
2

Glatter, Dr Leon: killed (1943),
1

Glazer, Jacob: killed (1939),
1

Gleimann, Maria: and the Palmnicken massacre,
1
; survives (1945),
2

Gleiwitz: labour camps in region of,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Glick, David: negotiates with Gestapo (1937),
1

Glickstein, Lutek: and the resistance in Czestochowa,
1

Glik, Hirsh: his poem about resistance,
1
; deported, and never seen again (1943),
2

Glimberg, Peisakh: hanged (1941),
1

Gliniany: anti-Jewish incitement in (1941),
1
; Jewish Council in,
2

Globocnik, SS General Odilo: and the labour camp system (1940),
1
; and a ‘method that does not attract too much attention’ (1942),
2
; and a deportation from Wurzburg (1942),
3
; and ‘Operation Reinhard’ (1942),
4
; urges ‘a faster pace’,
5
; seeks a ‘faster working gas’,
6

Glogojeanu, General: killed (1941),
1

Glozman, Golda: and the fate of the Jews of Kiev (1941),
1

Glozman, Shlomo: his death (1941),
1

Glueks, SS General Richard: and medical experiments,
1
; reports on ‘special buildings’ (crematoria) at Birkenau,
2
; his death (1945),
3

Gluski, Michal: shot (1943),
1

‘Goebbels calendar’:
1
,
2
,
3
,
4

Goebbels, Dr Joseph: and an ‘imposing spectacle’ (1933),
1
; his ‘calendar’,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; ‘Not much will remain of the Jews’ (27 March 1942),
6
; ‘We are holding the Jews to account’ (May 1942),
7
; ‘this filth’,
8
; ‘even among our allies, the Jews have friends,’
9

Goering, Field Marshal Hermann:
1
,
2
; and the ‘doubtless imminent final solution’ (20 May 1941),
3
,
4
; and a ‘complete solution’ (31 July 1941),
5
,
6
; and the Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942),
7

Goeth, Amnon: his sadism,
1

Goethe:
1

Goetz, Adam: dies (1943),
1

Gojnberg, Moses: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Gol, Szloma: and an escape from the pit,
1

Gold, Bela: murdered, after liberation,
1

Goldberg (a barber): killed, with his wife (1942),
1

Goldberg (a saw-mill owner): and a German deception,
1

Goldberg, Jehuda: ‘where will I go?’,
1

Goldberg, Netka: her family deported,
1

Goldblum family: all killed (1939),
1

Golde (an engineer): killed by shrapnel (1944),
1

Goldenberg, Helene: aged nine, killed (1942),
1

Goldenberg, Lotte: aged five, killed (1942),
1

Goldfarb, Dawid: killed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Goldin (Jewish Council member):
1

Goldin, Chayim: dies (1943),
1

Goldman, Ania: survives,
1

Goldman, Maria: murdered (1944),
1

Goldmann (a Jewish merchant): killed in Dachau (1933),
1

Goldmann, Mahmens: escapes, but recaptured,
1
; shot (1942),
2

Goldschmid, A. I.: killed (1941),
1

Goldsmith, Sam: sees Dachau at liberation,
1

Goldstein, Chaim: sees a Jew killed by a Pole,
1
; and the moment of liberation,
2

Goldstein, Dr Pawel: dies of typhus (1942),
1

Goldstein, Peretz: his death,
1

Goldwasser, Shlomo: organizes mass escape,
1

Golleschau (Goleszow): a labour camp at,
1
; rescue of Jews from,
2

Golta: murder of Jews near (1941),
1
,
2

Golub, Abraham: recalls events in Kovno (1941),
1
,
2

Gomerski, SS Staff Sergeant Hubert: kills children,
1

Gordon, Leslie: recalls massacre of Jews at Kamenets Podolsk (1941),
1

Gorodetsky, Dvoira: killed (1941),
1

Gorodetsky, Yakov: killed (1941),
1

Gorodok: death of Jews from (1941),
1

Gotha: Jews shot at (1945),
1

Gothelf, Yerucham: organizes mass escape, with his brother Yaakov (1942),
1

Gotthart, Dr: in Vilna,
1

Graber, Dr Adam: falls in battle (1944),
1

Graber, Dawid: buries archives,
1

Grabner, SS Lieutenant Maximilian: and a massacre at Budy (1942),
1

Grabow: a Jew escapes to,
1

Grabowski (a Pole): near Chelmno,
1

Grabowski, Heniek: brings news of mass murder,
1
,
2

Gradowski, Salmen (Zalmen): ‘search everywhere’,
1

Gradowski, Sonia: murdered, with most of her family,
1

Graebe, Hermann: eye-witness to a deportation (13 July 1942),
1
,
2
; eye-witness to mass murder (5 October 1942),
3

Graf-Weisenberg, Dr Kornelia: killed (1941),
1

Graftek, Baruch: killed (1943),
1

Gransdorf camp:
1

Greater East Prussia: Jews expelled from (1939),
1

Greece:
1
,
2
; Jews fight in defence of (1940),
3
; invaded by Germany (1941),
4
; conquered,
5
,
6
; and the ‘final solution’,
7
; Jews born in, deported to Auschwitz,
8
; a deception concerning (1943),
9
; deportations from (1943),
10
; medical experiments on girls from,
11
,
12
; deportees from, in Warsaw,
13
; escape and resistance in,
14
; fate of Jews in the islands of,
15
; Jewish resistance in,
16
; Jews from, in a labour camp in Warsaw,
17
; Jews from, in a revolt at Birkenau,
18
; notes of a Jewish Sonderkommando from, discovered at Birkenau (1980),
19