The Holocaust (147 page)

Farber, Yudi: joins in preparations for escape,
1

Farfel, Siomka: escapes,
1

Farkas, Dr: attempts to save Jews,
1

Feder, Aizik: deported to Auschwitz,
1
; does not survive,
2

Feferman-Wasoff, Mania: recalls indignities (1939),
1
; recalls impact of fall of France on Jews of Poland (1940),
2

Feigenbaum, Joseph: a survivor,
1

Feigman, Kalman: recalls an episode at Treblinka,
1

Feinberg, Nathan: cited,
1

Feinsilber, Alter:
see his alias
Jankowski, Stanislaw

Feiwiszys, Israel: killed (1943),
1

Fejgelis, Hersch: executed (1943),
1

Feldhendler, Leon: helps lead a revolt,
1
; murdered after liberation,
2

Feldman, Nahum: a would-be partisan,
1

Fell, Dr Boleslaw: shot (1941),
1

Fenelon, Fania: recalls an execution at Auschwitz (1944),
1
; recalls torments at Belsen (1945),
2
; and the liberation of Belsen,
3

Fichtencwajg, Annette: her birth gives life,
1

Fickelburg, Dr: gassed (1942),
1

Filatov, Torpedo Operator I.M.: his ‘courage’ (1942),
1

Filipowicz, Wanda: helps Jews,
1

Filler, Rachel: escapes to the forest, with her son,
1

Final solution: ‘doubtless imminent’ (20 May 1941),
1
; envisaged (31 July 1941),
2
; ‘approaching’ (28 October 1941),
3
; and a ‘discussion’ of in prospect,
4
; and the Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942),
5
; and an appeal to Eichmann,
6
; and
‘the total undertaking’ (13 August 1942),
7
; Hitler’s ‘instructions’ concerning public reference to (11 July 1943),
8

Fingercwajg, Moise: executed (1944),
1

Finkelstein, Moses: killed (1945),
1

Finkelstein, Wolf: shot (1941),
1

Finland: and Jewish refugees,
1
,
2
; Jews of, listed (1942),
3
; Jews deported to Auschwitz from (1943),
4
; successful protests against deportations in,
5
,
6
; a Jew deported from, in a labour camp in Warsaw,
7

Fintz, Leon: dies (1945),
1

Fintz, Miriam: in Belsen (1945),
1
; dies (1945),
2

Fintz, Rachel: her helpers foiled,
1

Fintz, Violette: recalls a deportation from Rhodes (1944),
1
,
2
; recalls her arrival at Auschwitz (1944),
3
,
4
; recalls Dachau and Belsen (1945),
5

Finzi, Gigliola: aged less than three months, deported to Auschwitz,
1

First World War: and the Jews,
1
,
2
,
3
; and a cavalry barracks at Auschwitz,
4
; and a massacre of 1941,
5
; fate of a hero of,
6

Fischer, Dr Geza: killed (1938),
1

Fischer, Mrs Geza: commits suicide (1938),
1

Fischer, Ludwig: orders establishment of Warsaw ghetto (3 October 1940),
1

Fischer, Dr Zygmunt: shot, with his wife and child (1943),
1

Fish, Moshe: organizes a mass escape (1942),
1

Fisher, Lena: leaves for Palestine (before 1939),
1

Fisz, Adas: murdered, after liberation,
1

Fisz, Duczka: killed after liberation,
1

Fiszbaum, Motek: shot (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Fiszlewicz, Mendel: attacks a German,
1
; killed (1943),
2

Fiume: a helper of the Jews deported from,
1

Flater, Yetta: deported,
1

Flehinger, Dr Arthur: a witness (1938),
1

Fleischmann, Aviva: her mother’s death (1944),
1

Fleischmann, Gisi: gassed (1944),
1

Fleischmann, Moritz: recalls Vienna (1938),
1

Flensburg: death of an SS General at (1945),
1

Fleysher (a children’s nursery supervisor): at Minsk,
1

Florence: Jews deported from (1943),
1
; a six-year-old girl from, deported to Auschwitz (1944),
2

Flossenburg: a death march to (1944),
1
; survivors of a death march reach (1945),
2
; a death train from, recalled,
3
; Jews evacuated to,
4

Fogel (from Pilica): warns Jews,
1

Fogel (a Slovak Jew): at Auschwitz,
1

Fogelnest, Aron: executed (1939),
1
,
2
n.
3

Foley, Frank (Francis): and the German plan to ‘eliminate’ Jews (1935),
1
; reports on the Jews ‘hunted like rats’ (1938),
2
; a friend of the Jews,
3
; seeks a ‘humane’ policy (1939),
4
; continues to help Jews (1940),
5
; and the liberation of the camps (1945),
6

Follman, Hava: an eye-witness to a deportation,
1

Forbert, Henryk: killed (1944),
1

Forcher, Celina: on the way to death (1943),
1

Foreign Office, London: and German designs against Jews (1938),
1
; and visas for Shanghai (1939),
2
; and fears of being ‘black-mailed’ on behalf of refugees (1939),
3

Forst, SS Staff Sergeant: at Birkenau,
1

Fossoli: Jews deported to Auschwitz from,
1

Fraenkel, Edith: shot (1942),
1

Fraggi, Mordechai: killed in action (1940),
1

Frajnd, Pejsach: saved (27 June 1941),
1
; killed (1 August 1941),
2

Frampol: forced labour at,
1

France:
1
,
2
,
3
; Jews find refuge in,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
; declares war on Germany (1939),
10
; takes no offensive action against Germany,
11
,
12
; occupied by Germany,
13
,
14
,
15
; resistance in,
16
,
17
,
18
; emigration of Jews from, banned (1941),
19
; and the ‘final solution’,
20
; deportations to Auschwitz from (1942),
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
; protests of Catholic Church in,
31
; protests of churchmen in,
32
; Churchill denounces deportations from,
33
; Jews sent back to, from Switzerland,
34
,
35
; Italians protect Jews in,
36
; Jews from, in a Warsaw labour camp,
37
,
38
; Jews active in resistance in, before and after the Normandy landings,
39
,
40
,
41
; two Jewish refugees executed in (1944),
42
; a German-born Jewess executed in,
43
; a final deportation
from,
44
; a deportee from, falls in battle in the Warsaw uprising (of August 1944),
45
; a German Catholic rescues some Jews from (1945),
46
; soldiers of, liberated Jews in the Black Forest,
47

Franciszkanska Street (Warsaw): death of a Jew from (1939),
1

Francken, Madame: and the turning back of Jewish refugees by the Swiss police (1942),
1

Franconia: exhorted to be ‘Jew free’ (1934),
1

Frank, Anne: ‘Who has inflicted this upon us?’,
1
; ‘hope is revived’,
2
; deported,
3
; dies (1945),
4
; her diary found,
5

Frank, SS Lieutenant-General August: and the property of ‘evacuated’ Jews,
1

Frank, Edith: dies (1944),
1

Frank, Hans: and forced labour for Jews (October 1939),
1
; orders Jews to wear special badge (13 November 1939),
2
; orders establishment of Jewish Councils (28 November 1939),
3
,
4
; and Jewish ‘gluttons’,
5
; protests about ‘dumping’ of Jews,
6
; warns against ‘humanitarian dreamers’,
7
; Jews to be ‘done away with’ (9 October 1941),
8
; ‘we must annihilate the Jews’ (16 December 1941),
9
; ‘You hardly see them at all any more’ (15 August 1941),
10
; a protest to (25 March 1943),
11
; and the ‘utilization’ of Jewish property (13 May 1943),
12
; on need to ‘wipe out’ Jews (4 March 1944),
13

Frank, Margot: dies (1945),
1

Frank, Mathau: hanged (1933),
1

Frank, Otto: survives, at Auschwitz,
1

Frankel, Leslie: ‘we shook’,
1
; his fears for his father (1935),
2

Frankel, Richard: awaits Nazi revenge (1935),
1

‘Frankenstein’: a German policeman, and ‘the blood of a Jew’,
1

Frankfurt: anti-Jewish measures in (1933),
1
; day of intimidation in (1938),
2
; deportations from (1941),
3
,
4
,
5
; fate of deportees from (1942),
6
,
7
; death of a cancer specialist from (1944),
8

Frankfurter, David: kills a Nazi (1936),
1
; his father tormented (1941),
2

Frankfurter, Mavro: tormented (1941),
1

Franklemon, Jean: helps an escape,
1

Franz, SS Sergeant Kurt: at Treblinka,
1
,
2
; promoted Second Lieutenant, gives an assurance to Freud’s sister,
3
; wounded,
4

Franz Josef, Emperor:
1

Free Corps:
1

Freemasons: abused by the Nazis (1930),
1

Freese, SS Corporal Willi: killed (1944),
1

Freiberg, Dov: recalls a deportation and a death camp (Sobibor),
1
; recalls a reprisal,
2

French Foreign Legion: internees from (1940),
1

French North Africa: internment camps in,
1
; Jews of,
2
; death of Jews from, at Auschwitz,
3

French Revolution,
1
,
2

Frenkel, Getzel: shot (1939),
1

Frenschel (an SS man): at Sobibor,
1

Freud, Adolfine: dies at Theresienstadt,
1

Freud, Marie: murdered at Treblinka,
1

Freud, Pauline: murdered at Treblinka,
1

Freud, Rosa: killed at Auschwitz,
1

Freud, Sigmund: his pupil commits suicide (1940),
1
; and the death of four of his sisters,
2

Freudiger, Fulop: ‘I am not worried for our lives’,
1

Frick, Wilhelm: and restrictions on German Jews (1935),
1

Friedell, Egon: commits suicide (1938),
1

Friedländer, Elli: turned back from Switzerland to France,
1
; deported to Auschwitz,
2

Friedländer, Jan: turned back from Switzerland to France,
1
; deported to Auschwitz,
2

Friedländer, Saul: found a safe haven,
1

Friedman (a Jew from Praga): shot (1940),
1

Friedman (at Treblinka): his act of defiance,
1

Friedman, Rabbi Mosze: his defiant words at Auschwitz-Birkenau,
1

Friedman, Philip: an eye-witness to, and historian of, mass murder (1941),
1
; records an act of barbarism,
2

Friedmann, Malvine: her bravery under fire,
1

Friedmann, Sarah: recalls liberation and death (1945),
1

Fritsch, Wilhelm: shot (1943),
1

From, Dr Benjamin: killed (1941),
1

Fromm, Beta: in Berlin (1935),
1
,
2
; and the scene in Berlin (1938),
3

Frug, Simon: the fate of his tombstone,
1

Frumer, Aaron: his house, and ‘not a living soul in sight’,
1

Fryd, Dr Anatol: shot (1943),
1

Frydman, Rabbi: Alexander Zysze: his prayer,
1

Frydrych, Zygmunt: betrayed,
1

Fuchs, Gunter: and the renewed deportations from Lodz (June 1944),
1
,
2

Fuhrmann, Sister Maria Regina: in the Lodz ghetto,
1

Fuks, Nathan: executed (1941),
1
,
2
n. 4

Funten, F. H. Aus der: and a deportation from Holland (1943),
1

Furmanowicz, Pesia: murdered (1943),
1

Furstengrube: slave labour at coal mines of,
1
; mass murder at,
2

Gac, Luba: shot (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3

Gadejski, Gerhard: saves Jews,
1
n.
2

Galay, Inna: dies at Majdanek,
1

Galewski, Alfred: and plans to revolt,
1
,
2

Galicia: murders in (1919),
1
; and Belzec death camp (1942),
2
,
3

Galinski, Edward: escapes from Auschwitz,
1
; captured,
2
; killed,
3

Galperin, Alter: in Kovno, after an ‘action’,
1

Gamzon, Captain Robert: and Jewish resistance in France,
1
; and the liberation of Lyons,
2

Gamzu, Abraham: shot (1942),
1

Gans, Erich: killed in Dachau (1934),
1

Ganzenmuller, Dr Albert: the SS expresses its ‘great pleasure’ to (1942),
1
,
2
n.
3

Gardelegen: a death march stops at (1945),
1
; corpses found at (1945),
2