The Holocaust (140 page)

42
Braham,
op. cit.
, volume 2, page 1129.

43
Ibid.
, page 840.

44
Testimony of Arie Breslauer: Eichmann Trial, 1 June 1961, session 61.

45
Protocol of a meeting held on 22 November 1944: Chaim Barlas papers.

46
Testimony of Arie Breslauer: Eichmann Trial, 1 June 1961, session 61.

47
Braham,
op. cit.
, volume 2, page 870.

48
Ibid.
, pages 870–71 and 985.

49
Shalom Lindenbaum recollections, in conversation with the author.

50
Testimony of Alfred Oppenheimer: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.

51
Hugo Gryn, ‘Thought for the Day’, BBC broadcast, London, 18 May 1972 (pre-recorded 11 May 1972).

52
Reska Weiss,
Journey Through Hell
, London 1961, pages 188–9.

53
Testimony of Dr Adolf Berman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26. A young child’s shoe is now in a special display case, as the final exhibit in the holocaust
exhibition at Yad Vashem, in Jerusalem.

40. THE DEATH MARCHES

1
The Diary of Anne Frank, op. cit.
, Epilogue, by Storm Jameson, pages 213–4.

2
Braham,
The Politics of Genocide, op. cit.
, volume 2, page 870.

3
Ibid.
, page 883.

4
Ibid.
, page 872.

5
Ibid.
, pages 873–4.

6
Goldstein,
The Bunker, op. cit.
, page 257.

7
Ibid.

8
Living today in Czestochowa, Poland.

9
Borzykowski,
Between Tumbling Walls, op. cit.
, pages 224–5.

10
Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, page 274.

11
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 274.

12
Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 227.

13
‘Torun, Grudziacka Street’:
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, page 96.

14
Testimony of Mordechai Zurawski: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 65.

15
Testimony of Shimon Srebnik: Eichmann Trial, 6 June 1961, session 66.

16
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 17 January 1945.

17
Testimony of Israel Gutman: Eichmann Trial, 2 June 1961, session 63.

18
Testimony of Israel Gutman: Eichmann Trial, 2 June 1961, session 63.

19
‘Slawiecice’ (Ehrenforst), ‘Woods between Blachownia (Blechhammer) and Slawiecice’:
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, page 286.

20
Testimony of Dr Alfred Oppenheimer: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.

21
‘Miedzna’, ‘Leszczyny’, ‘Lyski’, ‘Rybnik’:
Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide, op. cit.
, pages 171, 173 and 174.

22
Archive of the Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine, Paris.

23
Document T/1329: Eichmann Trial, 9 June 1961, session 72.

24
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 235.

25
Testimony of Yehuda Bakon, Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.

26
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 240.

27
Testimony of Louise S. from Cluj,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, November 1945.

28
A survivor, in conversation with the author, January 1981.

29
Testimony of Dr Aharon Beilin: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 69.

30
Testimony of Raizl Kibel: Yad Vashem archive, 03/882.

31
Testimony of Leilah Svirsky-Holtzman, Tel Aviv, 7 September 1967: Yad Vashem archive.

32
Dr Robert Collis,
Straight On
, London 1947; H. D. Leuner,
When Compassion was a Crime, op. cit.
, pages 93–4.

33
Testimony of Jakub Lichterman: in conversation with the author, Cape Town.

34
Information based upon the official Bill of Lading (Yad Vashem archives, 0–1/164), and provided by Dr J. Kermisz, Director of Archives, Yad Vashem: letter of 19 October 1977.

35
Schindler files, Yad Vashem archive.

36
Information provided by Judge Moshe Bejski.

37
Don Levin diary, 17 January 1945: Don Levin papers.

38
For Levin’s journeyings, see Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust, op. cit.
, map 313, page 240.

39
The Diary of Anne Frank
, Epilogue,
op. cit.
, page 223.

40
Moshe Sandberg,
My Longest
Year, op. cit.
, page 75.

41
Testimony of Celina Manielewicz, Jerusalem, 7 November 1958: Yad Vashem archive, 03/1108. Celina Manielewicz was born in the Polish town of Ozorkow, near Lodz, on 21 July 1921.

42
Ernest Spiegel, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.

43
‘From a letter from Rokitno’:
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.

44
Datner papers: consulted by the author in Warsaw, 14 August 1980.

45
Testimony of Ester Epsztejn: Yad Vashem archive, 0–16/204.

46
‘Extract from a letter from Lithuania’, 18 February 1945:
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, April 1945.

41. THE ‘TAINTED LUCK’ OF SURVIVAL

1
Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 228 (tracing the fate of Theresienstadt Transport Dr of 15 December 1943).

2
Testimony of Gisela Teumann, Yad Vashem archive D-3/2737: Krakowski, ‘The Death Marches in the Period of the Evacuation of the Camps’:
The Nazi Concentration Camps
(Proceedings of the Fourth Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, January 1980), Jerusalem 1984, page 488.

3
Violette Fintz, conversation with the author, Cape Town.

4
François Wetterwald,
Les morts inutiles
, Paris 1946.

5
Lederer,
op. cit.
, pages 229–30.

6
‘Suffering of Kovno (Kaunas) Jewry’, letter of 26 May 1945:
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, November 1945.

7
Letter of 26 May 1945,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.

8
Sonia Reznik Rosenfeld, ‘The Day of My Freedom’: D. Wolpe (editor),
She’erith Hapleta, Extermination and Survival
, Johannesburg, April 1965, volume 1, number 1, page 19.

9
Testimony of Aliza Besser: Yad Vashem archive, 0–3/3394; Krakowski, ‘The Death Marches’,
op. cit.
, page 483.

10
See Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust, op. cit.
, maps 285 and 286, page 21

11
Germaine Tillion,
Ravensbrück
, Garden City, New Jersey 1975, page 107.

12
Testimony of Meir Dvorjetzky (M. Dworzecki): Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

13
Yitzhak Arad, ‘Jewish Prisoner Uprisings in Treblinka and Sobibor’:
The Nazi Concentration Camps
, Jerusalem 1984, page 398.

14
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 226 (tracing the fate of Theresienstadt Transport Cu of 1 February 1943).

15
Ya’acov Friedler, ‘“Death March” Survivor Testifies’:
Jerusalem Post
, 6 March 1980.

16
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 242 (tracing the fate of Theresienstadt Transport Et of 23 October 1944).

17
Alben W. Barkley,
Atrocities and Other Conditions in Concentration Camps in Germany
, Washington 1945;
Hansard
, 19 April 1945.

18
Leo Laufer recollections,
op. cit.

19
Public Record Office, London: Premier papers, 4/100/11.

20
Fenelon,
The Musicians of Auschwitz, op. cit.
, page 254.

21
‘Johanngeorgenstadt-Theresienstadt’:
Death Marches (Marches de la mort), Routes and Distances
, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Association, Central Tracing Bureau, 28 May 1946.

22
Bonnie Boxer, ‘The High Holidays’:
Israel El Al
, Tel Aviv, summer—autumn 1983, page 11. Israel Lau became Chief Rabbi of the Israeli coastal town of Netanya in 1979. His brother Naftali, as Naftali Lavie, was, in 1984, Israeli Consul-General in New York, and the editor of the memorial book for his birthplace, Piotrkow.

23
Remarks quoted in the Eichmann Trial, 7 July 1961, session 88.

24
Testimony of Menachem Weinryb, Yad Vashem archive 0–3/3343: Krakowski, ‘The Death Marches’,
op. cit.
, page 484.

25
Jean Levin, letter to the author, 24 July 1983.

26
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 172.

27
Recollections of Pershing G. Rolfe, Florrissant, Missouri, USA: Yad Vashem archive.

28
Josef Rosensaft, ‘Our Belsen’:
Belsen
, Tel Aviv 1957, page 25.

29
Idem.

30
W. R. F. Collis, ‘Belsen Camp: a Preliminary Report’:
British Medical Journal
, 9 June 1945, page 814.

31
Violette Fintz, conversation with the author, Cape Town.

32
G. I. A. Draper, recollection:
The Nazi Concentration Camps, op. cit.
, pages 348–9.

33
Fenelon,
op. cit.
, page 255.

34
Collis,
op. cit
., page 814.

35
Peter Coombs, letter of 4 May 1945:1 am grateful to Peter Coombs for letting me see, and use, this letter. Among the British soldiers who entered Belsen was a young Palestinian officer, Vivian Herzog, who in 1983 was elected President of the State of Israel.

36
Report of 12th US Army Group Investigation Teams, 25 May 1945: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-2222.

37
Nora Levin,
The Holocaust, op. cit.
, page 706.

38
International Committee of the Red Cross,
Documents relating to the work of the International Committee of the Red Cross for the benefit of civilian detainees in German Concentration Camps between 1939 and 1945
, Geneva 1965 (contains an eye-witness account of the evacuations from Ravensbrück and Sachsenhausen in April 1945).

39
Latour,
The Jewish Resistance in France, op. cit.
, pages 161–2.

40
Letter of 19 April 1945 (to Werner Senator): Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem, 57/915.

41
Jewish Chronicle
, 20 January 1981.

42
Dusan Sindik (editor),
Secanja Jevreja na Logor Jasenovac
, Belgrade 1972 (memoirs of Jews in Jasenovac camp).

43
Krakowski, ‘The Death Marches’,
op. cit.
, page 485 (based upon the researches of Professor Krzysztof Dunin-Wasowicz, published in Warsaw in 1966).

44
Germaine Tillion,
op. cit.

45
Liberated Jews Arrived in Sweden in 1945
, 2 volumes, Malmo 1946.

46
Sam Goldsmith,
Haboker
, Tel Aviv, May 1945 (translated by Sam Goldsmith).

47
Levi Shalit,
The Road from Dachau: 30 Years after the Liberation
, Johannesburg 1975, pages 22–3.

48
Testimony of Sarah Friedmann (born in Rachovo on 24 July 1923), given in Jerusalem on 18 August 1959: Yad Vashem archives, 03/1403.

49
Testimony of Dr Aharon Hoter-Yishai: Eichmann Trial, 12 June 1961, session 73.

50
Recollections of Maria Rebhun (born in 1919): Claremont Oral History Program, California.

51
Pisar,
Of Blood and Hope, op. cit.
, pages 93–4.

52
Sandberg,
My Longest Year, op. cit.
, pages 113–14.

53
Bierman,
Odyssey 1940, op. cit.
, page 228.

54
Harris,
Tyranny on Trial, op. cit.
, page 461.

55
Michael Etkind, ‘“Youth” Remembered’:
Journal of the ’45 Aid Society
, no. 12, London, March 1985, page 7.

56
Affidavits by Pieter Langhort (8 January 1946) and Baron van Lamsweerde (18 March 1946): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document D-924.

57
Ernst Schafer (editor),
Ravensbruck
, Berlin 1960.

58
The Book of Alfred Kantor, op. cit.
, 1 May 1945, plate 119.

59
K. J. Ball-Kaduri, ‘Berlin is “Purged” of Jews: the Jews in Berlin in 1943’:
Yad Vashem Studies
, Jerusalem 1963, pages 271–316.

60
K. J. Ball-Kaduri, ‘Berlin’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1971, volume 4, columns 648–50.

61
Misha Lev, ‘Almost a Legend’:
Sovetish Geimland
, Moscow, January—February 1964, pages 78–93.

62
‘Poles and
Cap Arcona’: AJR Information
, London, January 1985, page 5.

63
Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 241.

64
Lena Berg recollections: Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 316.

65
Le Chěne,
Mauthausen, op. cit.

66
Brome,
The Way Back, op. cit.
, page 237.

67
Testimony of Yehuda Bakon: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.

68
Weg des Todesmarsches Mauthausen-Gunskirchen:
Yad Vashem archives.

69
Kalman Seigel, ‘Havas, Geza, 1905–45’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 10, column 311.

70
Le Chěne,
op. cit.

71
Recollections of Meir Pesker:
Bielsk Podliask
(memorial book), Tel Aviv 1975.