The Holocaust (135 page)

57
The Third Anniversary of the Liquidation of the Ghetto in Cracow
, Cracow 1946, page 150.

58
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 342.

59
The Third Anniversary, op. cit.
, page 150.

60
Yaffa Eliach,
Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust, op. cit.

61
Testimony of Moshe Bejski: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.

62
Bezwinska and Czech,
op. cit.
, page 7.

63
Trude Neumann’s son committed suicide in 1946.

64
Molho,
op. cit.
; Danuta Czech, ‘Deportation und Vernichtung der griechischen Juden’:
Hefte von Auschwitz
, 11, 1970; ‘Report from Salonica’,
Bulletin
, London,
op. cit.
, February 1945: Foreign Office papers, 371/51115.

65
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 297.

66
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 327.

67
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 314–15.

68
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 336.

69
Ibid.
, page 363.

70
Ibid.
, page 374.

71
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, columns 41–2.

72
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 329 (Dr Cung) and page 347 (Dr Fryd).

73
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, pages 599–600.

74
Letter received in the Reich Chancellery on 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-1903.

75
Der Sturmer
, 25 March 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, exhibit M-138.

76
From Skopje, 2,338 Jews reached Treblinka on March 28 (after six days on the journey), 2,405 on March 31 (after six days) and 2,404 on April 5 (after seven days): Arad,
Treblinka, op. cit.

77
Rudashevski,
Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, op. cit.

78
Isaac Kowalski,
A Secret Press in Nazi Europe: the Story of the Jewish United Partisan Organization in Vilna
, New York 1969, page 394.

79
Diary of W. Sakowicz, 5 April 1943:
The Paneriai Museum, op. cit.
, pages 8–9.

80
Report of 1 May 1943:
ibid.
, page 9.

81
Kaczerginski’s memoirs, first published in the magazine
Tsukunft
(‘Future’) in New York,
April 1949, pages 134–6: Rubin,
Voices of a People, op. cit.
, page 459, note 41.

82
Notes of a discussion held on the morning of 17 April 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document D-736.

28. WARSAW, APRIL 1943: HOPELESS DAYS OF REVOLT

1
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 178.

2
Recalled by Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.

3
Stefan Krakowski,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 62, 1967.

4
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.

5
These were Brigadier Jurgen Stroop’s figures: Gutman,
Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 375.

6
Gutman,
Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, pages 375–6. Stroop reports 380 Jews caught in the bunkers on the first day.

7
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

8
Borzykowski,
Between Tumbling Walls, op. cit.
, pages 57–8.

9
Rubin,
op. cit.
, page 453.

10
Leon Najberg, diary entry for 20 April 1943: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Archive (New York), document provided by Dr Lucjan Dobroszycki, translated by Mira Marody.

11
Alexander Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 146.

12
Leon Najberg,
op. cit.

13
Anielewicz letter: Meed,
On Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, pages 194–5.

14
Najberg diary, 25 April 1943,
op. cit.

15
B. Mark (editor),
The Report of Jurgen Stroop
, Warsaw 1958, page 55, teletype message of 26 April 1943.

16
Donat,
Holocaust Kingdom
, page 159.

17
Meed,
op. cit.
, pages 180–1.

18
Borzykowski,
op. cit.
, page 66.

19
Lubetkin,
op. cit.
, pages 202–3.

20
Bartoszewski,
Warsaw Death Ring, op. cit.
, page 179.

21
Lubetkin,
op. cit.
, page 293.

22
Ignacy Schwarzbart, diary, 19 May 1943, London: Schwarzbart papers, Yad Vashem archive.

23
Hadassa Talmon, testimony: Lossin,
op. cit.
, page 377.

24
Donat,
The Death Camp Treblinka, op. cit.
, page 77.

25
Information from Dr Krakowski of Yad Vashem.

26
Zivia Lubetkin, ‘Last Days of the Warsaw Ghetto’,
Commentary
, New York, May 1947.

27
Testimony of Zivia Lubetkin: Eichmann Trial, 2 May 1961, session 25.

28
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 292–3.

29
Mark,
op. cit.
, pages 105–7, teletype message of 24 May 1943.

30
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 288.

31
Zygielbojm letter: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 363.

32
Mark,
op. cit.
, page 104, teletype message of 16 May 1943.

33
Najberg diary, 19 May 1943,
op. cit.

34
Arie (Leon) Najberg,
The Last Ones
(in Hebrew), Tel Aviv 1958: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 399.

35
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 400.

29. ‘THE CRASHING FIRES OF HELL’

1
Hirsh Glik, discussion and poem: Rubin,
op. cit.
, pages 453–5.

2
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 300.

3
Recollections of Lena Berg: Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 299.

4
Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, pages 108–9.

5
Testimony of Yisrael Gutman: Eichmann Trial, 2 June 1961, session 63.

6
‘Children lured to death with sugar’:
Jewish Chronicle
, 9 November 1979.

7
Testimony of David Wdowinski: Eichmann Trial, 6 June 1961, session 67.

8
Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 345–6.

9
It was at Trawniki that the Germans trained the Ukrainian S.S. guards for Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec.

10
Meed, On
Both Sides of the Wall, op. cit.
, pages 210–11.

11
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 33.

12
Testimony of Zeew Jungsztajn (Ze’ev Yungstein), born in March 1934 in Zelechow, south-east of Warsaw: Yad Vashem archive, M-1/E, 1251/1209.

13
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, pages 422–3.

14
Falstein,
Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, pages 327–8.

15
Shalom Kohn (Stanislaw Kon), ‘The Treblinka Revolt’: Donat,
The Death Camp Treblinka, op. cit.
, pages 225–6.

16
Testimony of Kalman Feigman: Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 240.

17
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, ‘Punishment of War Criminals’,
op. cit.

18
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 240.

19
‘Convoi XX du 19 avril 1943’: Klarsfeld and Steinberg,
Memorial de la Deportation, op. cit.

20
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction, op. cit.
, pages 316–17.

21
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 848.

22
Gusta Draenger’s diary,
Pamietnik Justyny
, was published in Cracow in 1945. An important extract was published in Dawidowicz,
A Holocaust Reader, op. cit.
, pages 340–7.

23
Account taken down by Dr Olga Bamicz from six survivors of Sobibor: Yad Vashem archive, O3/2952, page 62.

24
Testimony of Dov Freiberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.

25
Material on the Riga Ghetto: Yad Vashem archive.

26
Testimony of Aaron Wald: Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 327.

27
Telegram No. 2678, 28 April 1943:
ibid.
, page 328.

28
Ibid.
, pages 327–8.

29
Testimony of Eliezer Karstatt, Eichmann Trial, 5 May 1961, session 29.

30
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-2757.

31
Robert Attal, ‘Tunis, Tunisia’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 15, columns 1447–1448.

32
Tom Bower, ‘Rauff: the Great Escape’:
The Times
, 16 May 1984.

33
Jack (Idel) Kagan recollections: in conversation with the author, London.

34
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, page 137.

35
‘Report on the Extermination of Jews in the Galicia District’, 20 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document L-018.

36
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 444–5.

37
Testimony of Colonel D. S. Zilberman: Yad Vashem archive.

38
Letter of 13 May 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2003.

39
Letter of 19 May 1943: International Military Tribunal,
Nuremberg, document NO-5789.

40
Randolph L. Braham,
The Politics of Genocide: the Holocaust in Hungary
, New York 1981, volume 1, page 252, note 70.

41
‘The Mengele Case—a Summary’, document no. 50/4, JS 340/68, Office of the Public Prosecutor, Regional Court of Frankfurton-Main, in connection with the Regional Court’s Order of Arrest dated 19 January 1981. See Ernie Mayer, ‘The Case against Josef Mengele’,
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 9 February 1985, page 11.

42
Testimony of Dr Azriel Ne’eman, reported in the
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 16 February 1985.

43
Testimony of Dr Ella Lingens:
Jerusalem Post International Edition
, week ending 16 February 1985.

44
General Government, ‘Working Session, 31st May 1943’:
Hans Frank Diary, op. cit.
, entry for 31 May 1943.

45
Harris,
Tyranny on Trial, op. cit.
, pages 362–3.

46
Testimony of Tadeusz Seweryn: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 607.

47
Meed,
op. cit.
, page 205.

48
Lodz Chronicle, 21 May 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 340.

49
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 403.

50
International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg: document NO-065.

51
Doctor Albert Menasche, number 124,454,
Birkenau (Auschwitz II), Memoirs of an Eye-Witness: How 72,000 Greek Jews Perished
, New York 1947.

52
See Fania Fenelon (with Marcelle Routier),
The Musicians of Auschwitz
, London 1977.

53
Letter of 15 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-1242.

54
‘Jaworzno’:
Obozy hitlerowskie, op. cit.
, page 371, Camp Listing number 3296.

55
Letter of 16 June 1943 (in reply to a request of 1 June 1943): International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-011 (the request being document NO-010).

56
Letter of 21 June 1943: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-087.

57
Notes of 15 and 26 October 1944: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-091.

58
Leon Weliczker Wells,
The Janowska Road
, New York 1970, pages 141–2.

59
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 363.

60
Lodz Chronicle, 12 June 1943: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 345.

61
Cholawski, ‘The Judenrat in Minsk’,
op. cit.
, page 128.

62
Henry Wasserman, ‘Ostrava’ (‘Moravska Ostrava’, ‘Maehrisch-Ostrau’):
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 12, column 1512.

63
Leopold Trepper,
The Great Game: the Story of the Red Orchestra
, London 1977, Appendix 1, pages 419–21, with facsimile.

64
Ania Goldman, in conversation with the author, Czestochowa.

65
Leon Weliczker Wells,
op. cit.
, page 253, note 1.

66
Testimony of Halina Preston (nee Wind): Yad Vashem archives.

67
Gerta Hollaender, ‘Marvellously I Escaped Death: a Chapter of a Diary’: Czortkow memorial book,
op. cit.

68
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
op. cit.
, page 470.

69
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 278–9.