The Holocaust (141 page)
Authors: Martin Gilbert
72
Nyiszli,
Auschwitz, op. cit.
73
Bierman,
op. cit.
, pages 228–9.
74
Le Chěne,
op. cit.
75
Baruch Yaron, ‘Gelleri, Andor Endre, 1907–1945’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 7, column 366.
76
Recollections of Hugo Gryn, in conversation with the author, London, 20 May 1985.
77
The Book of Alfred Kantor, op. cit.
, plate 120.
78
Ibid.
, plates 122 and 123.
EPILOGUE
1
Yehuda Bauer, ‘Jewish Survivors in DP Camps…’:
The Nazi Concentration Camps, op. cit.
, pages 491–3.
2
‘Nazi War Criminals: the Search and the Legal Process Continue’, Institute of Jewish Affairs,
Research Report
, number 4, March 1983, page 3.
3
Israel Gutman, discussion in
The Nazi Concentration Camps, op. cit
., page 521.
4
‘Address Delivered by Dr Zalman Grinberg on the Occasion of a Liberation Celebration’, Dachau, 27 May 1945.
5
Henry Slamovich, in conversation with the author, San Francisco.
6
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 352.
7
Testimony of Icchok Sznajder (born in Choroszcza in 1917), taken down by the Jewish Historical Commission, Bialystok, 30 October 1946, number 176/46: Yad Vashem archive, M 11/B, 244.
8
Lena Berg’s recollections: Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 317.
9
Ben Helfgott, manuscript: ‘Welcome to Poland after the War’, pages 2–5.
10
Testimony of Rachel Hirsch, recorded in Tel Aviv in January 1964: Yad Vashem archive, 03/2440.
11
Letter of 4 August 1945: Yad Vashem archive, 03/743. Lewi had been deported to Birkenau on 15 August 1942, from Belgium.
12
Testimony of Shmuel Lerer, Archives of the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, Testimony No. 343: Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 474.
13
Poland: The Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit.
, entry for ‘Uniejow’, pages 46–7.
14
Ibid.
, entry for ‘Boleslawiec’, pages 60–1.
15
Rachel Auerbach,
op. cit.
, page 66.
16
Zerah Warhaftig: in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.
17
Manchester Guardian
, 1 February 1946.
18
Lucjan Dobroszycki, ‘Restoring Jewish Life in Post-War Poland’,
Soviet-Jewish Affairs
, volume 3, number 2, London 1973.
19
Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw.
20
Foreign Office papers, 371/57689: Martin Gilbert,
Exile and Return: the Emergence of Jewish Statehood
, London 1978, pages 281–2.
21
Tenenbaum,
Underground, op. cit.
, pages 469–70.
22
Falstein,
op. cit.
23
Biala Podlaska Memorial Book, Tel Aviv 1961.
24
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, column 46.
25
Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
26
Opinia
, Warsaw and Lodz, 25 July 1946.
27
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entry for 2 August 1944.
28
On 14 June 1947 an American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Report listed 88,735 Jews living in 158 towns. The Jewish community in Lodz was 13,860, followed by Wroclaw (9,102) and Dzierzoniow (6,750) in Silesia, Cracow (5,908) and Warsaw (4,973). Lublin, with 40,000 pre-war, had 774, and Bialystok, also with 40,000 pre-war, 586: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee archive, Jerusalem, report by William Bein.
29
Sakowska,
Archiwum Ringelbluma, op. cit.
, page 19.
30
Letter 24 March 1947: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee archives, Jerusalem, C-61.020.
31
Babi Yar memorial volume,
op. cit.
32
Jules R. Lippert, ‘The Return: Riga 1976’:
Friday Forum
, Delaware 1977.
33
Jack Young (Jona Speigel), typescript,
Lost and Waiting to be Found;
and conversation with the author, London, 30 May 1984.
34
Letter of February 1946: Jack Lennard papers,
op. cit.
35
Eric Lucas,
‘Die Herrschaft’:
Geschichte einer jüdischen Grossfamilie in Kreis Aachen von der Mitte des 19 Jahrhunderts bis zum 2 Weltkrieg
, Aachen 1980 (translation from the English manuscript, by Eric Lucas).
36
Wdowinski,
And We Are Not Saved, op. cit.
, page 123.
37
Cordelia Edvardson, ‘Am Yisrael Hai’ (‘The People of Israel Lives’):
Jerusalem Post
, 29 January 1984.
38
Testimony of Dr Aharon Beilin: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 69.
39
Testimony of Yehuda Bakon: Eichmann Trial, 7 June 1961, session 68.
40
Vitka Kempner, in conversation with the author, Jerusalem.
41
Katznelson, ‘Song of the Murdered Jewish People’,
op. cit.
42
Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page vii.
43
Recollections of Hugo Gryn, in conversation with Rex Bloomstein, London, 16 July 1981; first shown on the BBC television documentary,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(producer: Rex Bloomstein), 16 September 1982.
44
Reder, ‘Belzec’,
op. cit.
45
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
46
Information provided by Matilda Bandet’s brother, Baruch Bandet, in conversation with the author, Lod airport.
47
Ringelblum notes, 17 June 1942: see page 368 of this volume.
compiled by the author
Aalten: Jews given shelter in,
1
Aaron (from Opoczno): recalls a deportation,
1
Aaronson, Rabbi Joshua Moshe: leads revolt,
1
Abeles, Dr Ernest: his testimony,
1
n.
2
Aboulker, Jose: and resistance in North Africa,
1
Abramovich, Ariela: saved,
1
Abugov, Alexander: a Jewish partisan,
1
Acmecetka: mass murder of Jews at (1941–2),
1
‘Action Tiger’: in Marseilles,
1
Adampol: Jewish girls rescued from,
1
Adjibel, Abram: killed (1942),
1
Adler, Stanislaw: and the Warsaw deportation of January 1943,
1
Aegean Sea: barred to Jewish refugees (1940),
1
Africa: possible Jewish emigration to (1940),
1
Agarici, Viorica: her act of mercy,
1
Aharonowicz (a prisoner): escapes, but wounded,
1
Ahasuerus: Jews to be cast once more in role of,
1
Aicatherine: Jews hidden near,
1
Ainsztein, Reuben: his sister an eye-witness,
1
; on resistance against ‘overwhelming odds’,
2
; on resistance in Bialystok,
3
; on the living ‘corpses’ at Babi Yar,
4
Ajzenman, Julian: leads a resistance group,
1
Albania: Jews of, listed (1942),
1
Albeck, Lucy: killed,
1
Alderney Camp (Channel Islands): conditions in,
1
; fate of Jews sent back to France from,
2
Aleppo: an emissary from Eichmann at,
3
Alexander, Renate: deported (1940),
1
Alexander, Vera: a witness of medical experiments at Auschwitz,
1
Alexeyevka: Jews in combat at,
1
Algeria: Jews of,
1
; resistance in,
2
Algiers: a war crimes trial in (March 1944),
1
n.
2
Alkalai family: deported (1944),
1
Allach: liberation and death at (1945),
1
Almighty, the: Hitler cites ‘the will of’,
1
; his existence denied,
2
; a letter to (from an eleven-year-old girl),
3
; ‘will raise us up again’,
4
; his punishment alleged ‘for hiding Jews’,
5
; a ‘revolt’ against (in Dachau),
6
Almoslino, Hayim: his act of defiance,
1
Alphabet of Judaism:
its author deported,
1
Alt Breisach: Jews deported from (1940),
1
Alter, Meir: his father killed (1943),
1
Alter, Mieczyslaw: deported (1943),
1
Alterleib, Nysin: shot (1941),
1
Altman, Tosia: dies (1943),
1
Altus, Abraham: recalls indignities against Jews (1939),
1
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the ‘Joint’):
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
; director of, in Warsaw, killed (1943),
5
; helps Wallenberg,
6
; a representative of, killed in Warsaw (1944),
7
; an appeal to, to help record ‘the dreadful Jewish catastrophe’ (1946),
8
; the testimony of a representative of,
9
n.
10
; report of, giving number of Jews in post-war Poland (1947),
11
n.
12
Amsterdam: a Jew deported from (1939),
1
; Jews find haven in (1939),
2
; Jews rescued from (1940),
3
; occupied by German forces,
4
; the first deportation from (1941),
5
; a second deportation from
6
; an assurance in (1942),
7
; a Jewess from, too weak to survive liberation (1945),
8
Anielewicz, Mordecai: and resistance in Warsaw,
1
,
2
; and the Warsaw ghetto revolt,
3
,
4
; killed (1943),
5
Anin: a Jewess escapes in,
1
Ankerman (of Wlodawa): seeks to save a rabbi,
1
Ansbacher, Mordechai: his recollections of Dachau,
1
Antonescu, General: opposes further killings (1943),
1
Antopol: mass murder at (1942),
1
Apeldoorn: a deportation of mental defectives from (1943),
1
Arabia: rumours of Jews to be settled in (1942),
1
Archijowski, Menachem: at Chelmno,
1
Armenians: and Jews,
1
; ‘pitiful existence’ of,
2
Armistice Day (1918): an anniversary punishment (1943),
1
Arnswalde (Pomerania): Jews beaten up in (1934),
1
Aron, Willi: murdered (1933),
1
Aronowicz, Gitla Hadasa: shot (1942),
1
Aronson, Helen: and the fate of her father,
1
n.
2
Arretaz, Sergeant: turns Jews back from Switzerland to France (1942),
1
‘Aryan’: Hitler’s concept of,
1
; the concept of, given legal status (1933),
2
; in German-occupied Poland,
3
; and Soviet prisoners-of-war,
4
; and a death at Belzec,
5
; children sent to, in Warsaw,
6
; two Jewesses disguised as,
7
; and Hitler’s ‘political testimony’ (1945),
8
Asch, Mosche: at Chelmno,
1
Aschersleben: Jews evacuated from (1945),
1
Athens: occupied (1941),
1
; a train from, reaches Auschwitz (1944),
2
Atlantic:
refugees on (1940),
1
Atlas, Dr Jechiel: killed, leading Jewish partisans (1942),
1
; his former deputy, murdered after liberation (1946),
2
Atlasowicz (in Pawiak prison): his prayers and his sermon,
1
Auerbach, Rachel: records a testimony (1942),
1
Auschwitz (concentration camp): established (June 1940),
1
; first deportation to (1940),
2
; fate elsewhere of a girl born at,
3
; two Jews sent to (1941),
4
; poison gas experiments at (3 September 1941),
5
; an extension to (1942),
6
; further gassings at (1942),
7
; first systematic deportations to (March–April 1942),
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
;
Sonderkommando
at,
19
; factories and labour camps in the region of,
20
,
21
,
22
; and medical experiments,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
28
; and an eye-witness of the gassing at,
29
; and the property of ‘evacuated’ Jews,
30
; a deportation to, prevented (1943),
31
; death of a Jewish underground fighter in,
32
; Dr Mengele reaches (24 May 1943),
33
; deportations from,
34
; deportees from, in a labour camp in Warsaw,
35
; brought to Plaszow, and safety from (1944),
36
; final evacuations from (1945),
37
; twins set out from (1945),
38
; death march of survivors of,
39
,
40
; fate of Jews evacuated from,
41
,
42
; and the ‘hope’ of revenge by inmates of,
43
; survivors of, murdered after liberation,
44
; and ‘the denial of God’,
45
Auschwitz (town): Jews dispersed from,
1
; Jews from, resettled,
2
; fate of a Jew born in,
3
