The Holocaust (133 page)

78
Oyf der vakh
(‘On Guard’), Warsaw, 20 September 1942: Lucy Dawidowicz,
The War against the Jews 1933–45
, London 1975, pages 374–5.

79
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, pages 212–13. A further 11,580 Jews had been sent from Warsaw to forced labour camps, after a ‘selection’ at the Umschlagplatz. More than ten thousand had been killed during the course of the deportations, and had died of hunger and disease during those seven weeks.

80
‘Swastika over Jaworow’,
op. cit.
, page 23.

81
Poster, 7 September 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document USSR-434.

82
Report of the Extraordinary State Commission of the Stavropol Region: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document USSR-1.

83
Iosif Bregman, ‘The Kremenets Ghetto’:
Sovetish Geimland
, number 4, Moscow 1968, page 52.

84
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 473; Levin, The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, pages 140–2; Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia’,
op. cit.
, pages 169–71; Iosif Bregman, ‘The Tuczyn Ghetto’,
Sovetish Geimland
, number 4, Moscow 1968, page 58.

85
Information provided by Dr Shmuel Spector.

86
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 28.

87
Eliezer Melamed’s recollections: Cholawski,
Soldiers from the Ghetto, op. cit.
, pages 119–20.

25. SEPTEMBER–NOVEMBER 1942: THE SPREAD OF RESISTANCE

1
Letter of 24 September 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NG-1517.

2
Reports of 16 October 1942 and 20 October 1942: Michaelis,
Mussolini and the Jews, op. cit.
, pages 304–5.

3
Maxime Steinberg, ‘The Trap of Legality: the Association of the Jews of Belgium’:
Patterns of Jewish Leadership, op. cit.
, page 369.

4
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entries from 23 to 30 September 1942.

5
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit
., page 136.

6
Ibid.
, pages 135–6.

7
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 440.

8
T. Brustin-Berenstein,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 3, 1952.

9
‘Top Secret’, 26 September 1942, ‘Utilization of property on the occasion of settlement and evacuation of Jews’: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-724.

10
Directive of 8 October 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2305.

11
Madam Francken, ‘Novel-Memories, Reminiscences (1973)’, ‘A nightmare stay. From September 27 to October 6, 1941’: Saul Friedländer,
When Memory Comes
, New York 1979, page 89.

12
Ibid.
, page 90.

13
‘Convoy 40, November 4, 1941’: Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, op. cit.
, pages 328–35.

14
‘Transport Bq’, 23 September 1942: Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 222.

15
‘Transport Br’, 26 September 1942:
ibid.
, page 222.

16
‘Transport Bs’, 29 September 1942:
ibid.
, page 222.

17
Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms, op. cit.
, page 172.

18
Document submitted to the Eichmann Trial, 1 June 1961, session 63.

19
‘Transport Bt’, 5 October 1942: Lederer,
op. cit.
, pages 222.

20
‘Transport Bu’, 8 October 1942:
ibid.
, pages 222–3.

21
‘Transport Bv’, 15 October 1942, ‘Transport Bw’, 19 October 1942 and ‘Transport Bx’, 22 October 1942:
ibid.
, page 223.

22
Maladie de Famine
, Warsaw, 1946.

23
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, page 419.

24
Kremer diary, 3 October 1942: Smolen,
op. cit.
, pages 219–20.

25
Kremer cross-examination, 30 July 1947:
ibid.
, page 219, note 71.

26
Kremer diary, 10 October 1942:
ibid
., page 221.

27
Kremer diary, 15 October 1942:
ibid.
, page 222.

28
‘Reminiscences of Pery Broad’: Smolen,
KL Auschwitz, op. cit.
, pages 163–5. The son of a Brazilian merchant and a German woman, Broad was born in Rio de Janeiro but went to school in Germany. He was employed at Auschwitz from 1941 to 1945.

29
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 443.

30
Stefan Krakowski, ‘Lukow’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 11, column 561.

31
Ainsztein,
Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe, op. cit.
, page 721.

32
Celia Hurst, archivist, Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd, letter to the author, 13 March 1985.

33
Tatiana Berenstein, ‘Eksterminacja Zydow w Galicji, 1941–1943’,
Biuletyn, op. cit.
, number 61, March 1967.

34
Tregenza Collection.

35
Testimony of ‘T’,
Bulletin
, London, April 1945: Foreign Office papers, 371/51117.

36
‘Bruno Shultz, 1892–1940’: Dr Konstantin Bazarov, letter to the author, 7 October 1978.

37
Hermann Graebe, testimony of 10 November and 13 November 1945: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document PS-2992: Eisenberg,
Witness to the Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 269–70.

38
Kremer diary, 18 October 1942: Smolen,
op. cit.
, page 223.

39
Kremer interrogation, 18 July 1947:
ibid.
, page 223, note 82.

40
Getzel Kressel, ‘Beda, Fritz Loehner, 1883–1942’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 4, column 368.

41
Klukowski diary, 21 October 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

42
Recollections of Stanislaw Bohdanowicz: Tregenza Collection.

43
Klukowski diary, 22 October 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

44
Klukowski diary, 23 October 1942:
ibid.

45
Gurdus,
The Death Train, op. cit.
, page 108.

46
Ibid.
, page 163.

47
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 265.

48
Kermish,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Piotrkow, op. cit.
, columns 36–8.

49
Abitbol,
Les Juifs, op. cit.
, pages 113–14.

50
Jerusalem Post
, 14 March 1980.

51
Abitbol,
op. cit.
, page 131.

52
Documents dated 17 February 1942 and 24 October 1942; Eichmann Trial, 9 May 1961, session 33, documents 1188 and 509.

53
‘Protocol of the Meeting on the “Aktion” in Oszmiana’, 27 October 1942: Arad, Gutman and Margaliot,
Documents on the Holocaust, op. cit.
, pages 440–4, document 199.

54
Diary of Zelig Kalmanovitch, November 1942, first published in English in the
Yivo Annual of Jewish Social Science
, volume 3, New York 1953, page 34.

55
‘Transport By’, 26 October 1942: Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 223.

56
Totenbuch Theresienstadt
, Vienna 1971, volume 1 (‘Deportierte Aus Osterreich’).

57
A. Rutkowski,
Zaglada Zydow w dystrykcie radomskim, Biuletyn, op. cit.
, number 16, Warsaw 1955, page 154.

58
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, pages 106–8. (Ajzenman’s name can also be spelt Eisenman.)

59
Arthur Cygielman, ‘Piotrkow’:
Encyclopaedia Judaica
, Jerusalem 1972, volume 13, column 557. See also, Rutkowski,
op. cit.
, page 141.

60
Testimony of Aizik Rottenberg: Novitch,
Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit.
, page 104.

61
Falstein,
op. cit.
, page 365.

62
‘Top secret’ directive of 28 October 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-2558.

63
Tennenbaum,
Underground, op. cit.
, pages 437–8.

64
Message of 29 October 1942:
Jewish Chronicle
, 6 November 1942.

65
Ringelblum, ‘Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War’,
Ktovim fun geto
, Warsaw 1961, volume 2, page 332: quoted in Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 302.

66
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 598.

67
Lubetkin,
In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 132–3.

68
Bronia Klibanski, ‘The Underground Archives of the Bialystok Ghetto’,
Yad Vashem Studies
, II, Jerusalem 1958, pages 310–11.

69
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, pages 898–9.

70
Krakowski,
The War of the Doomed, op. cit.
, page 224.

71
Ibid.
, page 225.

72
Yugoslavia, Memorial Book, Belgrade 1959.

73
Isaac Kowalski (editor),
Anthology on Jewish Armed Resistance 1939–1945
, volume 1, New York 1984, pages 89–90, 473–4 and 478–88.

74
Kulka, ‘Jewish Revolt in Auschwitz’,
op. cit.

75
Speech of 11 October 1942: Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 402.

76
Recollection of Helen Shabbes (Helen Bronsztejn), in conversation with the author, Allentown, Pennsylvania.

77
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 445.

78
Ibid.
, page 473–4; see also Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, page 138.

79
Ainsztein,
op. cit.
, page 264.

80
Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, page 600.

81
Siemiatycze memorial book,
op. cit.

82
Testimony of Samuel Rajzman, ‘Punishment of War Criminals’,
op. cit.
, pages 121–2.

83
Meir Peker, ‘In the Bielsk Ghetto and the Camps’: Haim Rabin (editor),
Bielsk Poldliask
, Tel Aviv, 1975, pages 35–6.

84
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 441.

85
Friedman,
Roads to Extinction, op. cit.
, page 291.

86
Recollections of Dana Schwartz (Dana Szapira) in conversation with the author, Los Angeles.

87
Joseph Kermish and Shmuel Krakowski (editors),
Emanuel Ringelblum: Polish-Jewish Relations during the Second World War
, Jerusalem 1974, page 138.

88
S. Zeminski, diary entry for 8 November 1942:
Biuletyn
,
Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 27, 1958, pages 105–12, quoted in Kermish and Krakowski,
op. cit.
, page 138, note 25.

26. ‘TO SAVE AT LEAST SOMEONE’

1
Testimony of Noah Zabludowicz: Eichmann Trial, 1 May 1961, session 21.

2
The Police Instruction was dated 25 September 1942. The deportations from Swiss soil back to France had begun on 13 August 1942.

3
Leo Bretholz, ‘The Death Train Escape’,
Evening Sun
, Baltimore, 5 November 1982; Leo Bretholz, in conversation with the author, Baltimore, 9 December 1984.

4
‘Convoy 44, November 9, 1942’: Klarsfeld,
op. cit.
, pages 344–53.

5
‘Convoy 45, November 11, 1942’:
ibid.
, pages 354–9.

6
Rudolf Vrba and Alan Bestic,
I Cannot Forgive
, London 1963, page 150.

7
Tatiana Berenstein, ‘Martyrologia, opor i zaglada ludnosci zydowskiej’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 21, 1967, page 56.

8
Testimony of Janina Latowicz, Dusseldorf, 28 February 1978: Patricia Clough, ‘Recalling the Horrors of Majdanek’,
The Times
, 1 March 1978 (report on the Dusseldorf trial of nine men and five women accused of murder at Majdanek).

9
Tuvia Friedman,
Dokumentensammlung, op. cit.
; Report of 19 April 1943, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-5193, published in full in Leon Poliakov,
Harvest of Hate, The Nazi Programme for the Destruction of the Jews of Europe
, New York 1979, appendix, pages 337–44.

10
Bauminger,
Roll of Honour, op. cit.
, page 64.

11
Hugo Valentin, ‘Rescue and Relief Activities on Behalf of Jewish Victims of Nazism in Scandinavia’,
YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science
, volume 3, New York 1953, Page 232.

12
Siemiatycze memorial book,
op. cit.

13
Bohdanowicz recollections: Tregenza Collection.

14
Rudolf Reder, recollections published in Cracow in 1946: Tregenza Collection,
op. cit.

15
Idem.

16
Testimonies of Shachne Hiller (Stanley Berger) and Anne Wolozin, September 1977—October 1981: Yaffa Eliach,
Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust
, New York 1982, pages 142–7. Published as a news item, ‘Pope and Jewish child’ by Joseph Finkelstone,
Jewish Chronicle
, 28 May 1982.

17
Zygmunt Klukowski,
Dziennik z lat okupacji Zamojszczyzny
, Lublin 1959, page 299, quoted in Kermish and Krakowski,
Emanuel Ringelblum, op. cit.
, page 220, note 37.

18
Yad Vashem archive.

19
Grossman,
With a Camera in the Ghetto, op. cit.
, diary entry for 3 December 1942.