The Holocaust (130 page)

29
Luba Krugman Gurdus,
The Death Train: a Personal Account of a Holocaust Survivor
, New York 1978, pages 50–1.

30
Testimony of ‘T’: Baranowicze,
Bulletin
, London, April 1945,
op. cit.

31
Berenstein,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 61, 1967.

32
Pochep memorial stone, photographed by Vladimir Lembrikov, photograph and transcription provided by Yigal Zafoni, letter No. 29, Leningrad, 18 March 1985.

33
Postcard dated 10 April 1942: Huttenbach,
The Destruction of the Jewish Community of Worms, op. cit.
, pages 175, 236.

34
Huttenbach, page 236.

35
‘Transport Ab’: Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 210.

36
Klukowski diary, 29 March 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

37
Klukowski diary, 26 March 1942:
ibid.

38
Belzec memorial stone, inscription photographed by the author, 7 August 1980.

39
Goebbels diary, 27 March 1942: Louis P. Lochner (editor),
The Goebbels Diaries
, New York 1948, pages 147–8.

40
Danuta Czech, ‘Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau’,
Hefte von Auschwitz:
for 1942 (1960), for 1943 (1961, 1962) and for 1944 (1964); entry for 30 March 1942.

41
Ibid
, entry for 30 March 1942.

42
Klarsfeld,
Memorial to the Jews, op. cit.
, pages 1–16.

43
Eichmann testimony: Eichmann Trial, 19 April 1961, session 10.

44
Conversations between Franz Stangl and Gitta Sereny, in Dusseldorf prison in 1971. Stangl died of a heart attack on 27 June 1971, the day after his last interview with Gitta Sereny. Gitta Sereny,
Into That Darkness: from Mercy Killing to Mass Murder
, London 1974.

45
Schneider,
Journey into Terror, op. cit.
, pages 56–8.

46
Katz,
op. cit.
, page 17, note 2. Carlebach’s son and five of his nephews survived the war to become rabbis in their turn, his son in New York, his nephews in Jerusalem, London, Manchester, Montreal and New Jersey. In 1948
a sixth nephew, Ezriel Carlebach, founded the newspaper
Ma’ariv
, later the largest circulation Hebrew newspaper in Israel. A seventh nephew, Haim Cohn, became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Israel.

47
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

48
Testimony of Yitzhak Zuckerman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 25.

49
Jutrznia
, 28 March 1942: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 166.

50
Ringelblum notes (recalling the end of December 1941, early January 1942): Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 165.

51
‘Transport Ag’: Lederer,
op. cit.
, pages 210–11.

52
Czech, ‘Kalendarium’,
op. cit.
, entries for 2, 3, 13, 17, 19, 23, 24, and 29 (twice) April 1942.

53
‘Swastika over Jaworow’: Jaworow Memorial Book, page 12.

54
Kaplan diary, 7 April 1942: Katsch,
op. cit.
, pages 312–13.

55
Klukowski diary, 8 April 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

56
Dawid Rubinowicz diary, 10 April 1942: Derek Bowman (translator and editor),
The Diary of Dawid Rubinowicz
, Edinburgh 1981, pages 55–6.

57
Tatiana Berenstein, ‘Eksterminacja Zydow w Galicji, 1941–1943’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 61, Warsaw 1967.

58
Tatiana Berenstein, ‘Martyrologia, opor, i zaglada ludnosci zydowskiej’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 21, 1957.

59
D. Dabrowska, ‘Zaglada Skupisk Zydowskich w “Kraju Warty” w okresie Okupacji Hitlerowskiej’,
Biuletyn
, Warsaw,
op. cit.
, number 13, 1955.

60
Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 140 and 143, note 29.

61
D. Dabrowska and L. Dobroszycki,
Kronika ghetta Lodzkiego
(The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto), Lodz 1965, volume 1, pages 457–8.

62
Lodz Chronicle, 10–14 April 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 145.

63
Lodz Chronicle, 18–20 April 1942:
ibid.
, pages 148–9.

64
Lodz Chronicle, 27 and 28 April 1942:
ibid.
, page 155.

65
Lodz Chronicle:
ibid.
, page 155, note 42.

66
Letter of 10 April 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, document NO-5196.

67
Gazeta Lwowska
, 11 April 1942: Bartoszewski and Lewin,
Righteous among Nations, op. cit.
, pages 638–9.

68
Klukowski diary, 11 April 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

69
Testimony of David Mekler: Miriam Novitch collection, Kibbutz Lohamei Hagettaot, Israel.

70
Klukowski diary, 12 April 1942:
Dziennik, op. cit.

71
Ringelblum notes, mid-April 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 257.

72
Mary Berg diary, 15 April 1942: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, pages 140–1.

73
Mlawa memorial book,
Pinkas Mlawa
, New York 1950, pages 406–8.

74
J. Rimon (editor),
The Jewish Community of Szrensk and the Vicinity: a Memorial Volume
, Jerusalem 1960, page 67.

75
The
Einsatzkommando
figure was 91,678, in its report of 8 April 1942: International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, documents NO-3338 and NO-3339.

76
Information provided by Konrad Kwiet. See also, Konrad Kwiet and Helmut E. Schwege,
Selbstbehauptung und Widerstand, Deutsche Juden im Kampf um Existenz and Menschwenwürde, 1933–1945
, Hamburg 1984.

77
Lodz Chronicle, 4 May 1942:
Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 161.

78
Lodz Chronicle, 8 May 1942;
ibid.
, page 167.

79
Michael Etkind, ‘“Youth” Remembered; Postman No. 102’:
Journal of the
’45
Aid Society
, no. 11, April 1984, page 3.

80
Oshry,
Responsa, op. cit.
, pages 34–5.

81
Donat,
The Holocaust Kingdom, op. cit.
, page 50.

82
Kaplan diary, 18 April 1942:
Katsch, op. cit.
, page 314.

83
Mary Berg diary, 28 April 1942: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, pages 142–3.

84
Testimony of Moshe Shklarek: Miriam Novitch,
Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 150–5.

85
Transport Ap’, 18 April 1942: Lederer,
op. cit.
, pages 211–12.

86
‘Transport An’, 25 April 1942:
ibid.
, page 212.

87
The train was number BA-49. The telegram, dated 25 April 1942, was cited in the Eichmann Trial, 17 May 1961, session 43.

88
‘Transport Aq’, 27 April 1942: Lederer,
op. cit.
, page 213.

89
Mary Berg diary, 28 April 1942: Shneiderman,
op. cit.
, page 144.

90
Lodz Chronicle, 29 and 30 April 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 155–6.

91
Ben Helfgott, in conversation with the author, London.

19. ‘ANOTHER JOURNEY INTO THE UNKNOWN’

1
Maja Abramovicz (Zarch), typescript,
op. cit.
, page 34.

2
Ibid.
, page 39.

3
Trunk,
Judenrat, op. cit.
, page 440.

4
Ibid.
, page 441.

5
Dov Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
Patterns of Jewish leadership, op. cit.
, page 136.

6
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 444–5.

7
Ibid.
, page 442.

8
Testimony of Adolf Berman: Eichmann Trial, 3 May 1961, session 26.

9
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 64.

10
Adolf Berman, ‘The Fate of the Children in the Warsaw Ghetto’: Yisrael Gutman and Livia Rothkirchen (editors),
The Catastrophe of European Jewry, Antecedents, History, Reflections
, Jerusalem 1976, pages 406–7.

11
Ringelblum notes, 8 May 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 260–1.

12
Testimony of Avraham Aviel: Eichmann Trial, 5 May 1961, session 29.

13
Shalom Ben-Shemesh Sonenson, the
Last Days of Ejszyszki
(in Hebrew) in the Eishyshok memorial book, Jerusalem 1950.

14
‘Supplementary Record—Face Sheet’, 16 May 1946: Yad Vashem archive, PC 9170/344.

15
Falstein,
The Martyrdom of Jewish Physicians in Poland, op. cit.
, p. 391

16
Shmuel Krakowski, ‘Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942–1944’, typescript. See also his
The War of the Doomed: Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942–1944
, New York 1984, page 230.

17
Levin, ‘The Small Communities’,
op. cit.
, pages 142–4.

18
Ringelblum notes, 12 May 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 266.

19
‘The Diary of S. Sheinkinder’:
Yad Vashem Studies
, V, Jerusalem 1963. pages 255–69.

20
Ringelblum notes, 12 May 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 273–4.

21
Information from Shmuel Krakowski: letter to the author, 6 August 1984.

22
Kazimierz Smolen, Director, Auschwitz Museum: letter to the author, 16 March 1982.

23
Testimony of Frieda Mazia: Eichmann Trial, 4 May 1961, session 27.

24
Erich Kulka, ‘Jewish Revolt in Auschwitz’:
The Voice of Auschwitz survivors in Israel
,
Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, number 28, September 1984.

25
T. Berenstein, ‘Martyrologia, Opor i Zaglada Ludnosci Zydowskiej w Dystrykcie Lubelskim’,
Biuletyn, op. cit.
, Warsaw 1957, number 21.

26
Testimony of Dov Frieberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.

27
‘Transport Ax’ and ‘Transport Ay’ of 17 May 1942: Lederer,
Ghetto Theresienstadt, op. cit.
, page 215.

28
Testimony of Dov Freiberg: Eichmann Trial, 5 June 1961, session 64.

29
Testimony of Itzhak Lichtman: Novitch,
Sobibor, Martyrdom and Revolt, op. cit.
, pages 80–5.

30
Lodz Chronicle, 4 May 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 160.

31
Lodz Chronicle, 5 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 161.

32
Lodz Chronicle, 6 May 1942:
ibid.
, pages 161–2.

33
Lodz Chronicle, second entry for 6 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 163.

34
Lodz Chronicle, 7 May 1942:
ibid.
, pages 166–7.

35
Lodz Chronicle, 9–11 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 168.

36
Lodz Chronicle, 17 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 176.

37
Lodz Chronicle, 12 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 171.

38
Lodz Chronicle: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, page 83, note 97.

39
Lodz Chronicle, 17 May 1942:
ibid.
, pages 174–6.

40
Pabianice memorial book, Tel Aviv 1956, page 252. I am grateful to Mordecai Chmura’s daughter, Helen Aronson, for drawing my attention to this reference to her late father (letter to the author, 12 February 1982).

41
Lodz Chronicle, 18 May 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 178–9.

42
Lodz Chronicle, 18 May 1942 and 20 May 1942:
ibid.
, pages 180 and 183.

43
Poland: The Communities of Lodz and its Region, op. cit.
, entry for Brzeziny.

44
Lodz Chronicle, 20 and 21 May 1942: Dobroszycki,
op. cit.
, pages 181–2. Bernard Ostrowski was the only one of the fifteen Lodz chroniclers and archivists to survive the war.

45
Lodz Chronicle, 20–21 May 1942:
ibid.
, page 181.

46
Lodz Chronicle, 1 June 1942:
ibid.
, page 194.

47
Testimony of Leo Laufer.

48
Wiener Library photographic archive; Lucien Steinberg,
Not as a Lamb: the Jews against Hitler
, Glasgow 1974, pages 26–43 (‘The Herbert Baum Campaign’).

49
Jacques Ravine,
La Resistance organisée des Juifs en France
, Paris 1973; Professor Yehuda Bauer, letter to the author, 1 October 1978.

50
Trunk,
op. cit.
, page 443.

51
Testimony of Eda Lichtmann: Eichmann Trial, 28 April 1961, session 20.

52
Testimony of Dora Rosenboim: Yad Vashem archive.

53
Ringelblum archives: YIVO, New York.

54
Ringelblum notes, 23 May 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, page 275.

55
Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw, op. cit.
, page 64.

56
Ringelblum notes, 25 May 1942: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 282–3.

57
Yad Vashem photographic archive.

58
Information from Yigal Zafoni, in conversation with the author, Leningrad, 23 August 1985.

20. ‘IF THEY HAVE ENOUGH TIME, WE ARE LOST’

1
Ringelblum notes: Sloan,
op. cit.
, pages 283–4.

2
Information provided by Dr Shmuel Spector, from his doctoral thesis on the Jews of the Volhynia during the Holocaust; see also Spector, ‘The Jews of Volhynia’,
op. cit.