The History of the Renaissance World (115 page)

9.
Tabakat-i-Nasiri
, p. 685.

10. Shail Mayaram,
Against History, against State
(2003), pp. 80–82;
Tabakat-i-Nasiri
, p. 713.

11. Clifford E. Bosworth et al., eds.,
The Encyclopædia of Islam
, vol. 6 (1986), p. 48.

12. Mehta, p. 116.

13. Ibid., p. 117; Chandra, pp. 53–54.

14. Mehta, pp. 119–120.

15. Chandra, pp. 55–56; Ziauddin Barani,
Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi
, in
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
, ed. H. M. Elliot and John Dowson, vol. 2 (1871), pp. 99–100.

Chapter Forty-Eight
The Seventh Crusade

1. Joinville, p. 33.

2. Peter Jackson,
The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254
(2007), pp. 18–19.

3. Ibid., p. 19.

4. Janet Martin, p. 39.

5. Stephen Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 3 (1951), p. 225.

6. Abulafia,
The New Cambridge Medieval History
, p. 434; Joinville, p. 39.

7. Jervis, pp. 168–169.

8. Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 3, pp. 259–261.

9. William of Tudela, p. 87.

10. Ibid., p. 99; Joinville, pp. 86–87.

11. Madden, pp. 174–175.

12. Ibid., p. 175; Joinville, p. 98.

13. Jervis, p. 169; Sherman A. Jackson,
Islamic Law and the State
(1996), pp. 42–43; Peter Jackson,
The Seventh Crusade
, p. 134.

14. Joinville, p. 121.

Chapter Forty-Nine
The Splintering Khanate

1. Saunders, p. 93; Robert Marshall,
Storm from the East
(1993), pp. 140–141.

2. Marshall, p. 149; quoted in George Lane,
Genghis Khan and Mongol Rule
(2004), pp. 139–140.

3. Quoted in Sangkeun Kim,
Strange Names of God
(2004), p. 133.

4. “Guyuk Khan’s Letter to Pope Innocent IV (1246),” in Christopher Dawson,
Mission to Asia
(1980), pp. 85–86.

5. George Lane, p. 141; Marshall, p. 160.

6. Saunders, p. 99.

7. Ibid., p. 100.

8. Quoted in Thomas T. Allsen,
Mongol Imperialism
(1987), p. 47; George Lane, pp. 49–50.

9. Mote, pp. 452–453.

10. Kang, p. 132.

11. Stephen R. Turnbull,
Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests
(2003), p. 83; Nhung Tuyet Tran and Anthony Reid,
Viet Nam
(2006), p. 48.

12. Daftary, p. 175.

13. Saunders, pp. 113–114.

Chapter Fifty
The Mamluks of Egypt

1. Nasser O. Rabbat,
The Citadel of Cairo
(1989), p. 90.

2. Sherman A. Jackson, p. 43.

3. Ibid., p. 45.

4. Ibid.; John Bagot Glubb,
Soldiers of Fortune
(1988), p. 50.

5. Rabbat, p. 95.

6. Peter M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds.,
The Cambridge History of Islam
, vol. 1A (1977), pp. 210–211.

7. Ibid., p. 212; Sherman A. Jackson, pp. 46–47.

8. Marshall, p. 192.

9. Ibid., pp. 192–193; Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 3, pp. 312–313.

10. Marshall, pp. 193.

11. Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 3, p. 314.

12. Holt et al., p. 213.

13. Petry, p. 278.

14. Bertold Spuler,
A History of the Muslim World
(1994), p. 23.

15. Quoted in Petry, pp. 242–243.

16. Holt et al., pp. 216–217; Sherman A. Jackson, p. 51.

17. Jervis, p. 172.

18. Gabrieli, pp. 311–312.

19. Quoted in Petry, p. 243.

Chapter Fifty-One
Louis the Saint

1. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 155.

2. Ibid., pp. 157–158; Jaroslav Folda,
Crusader Art in the Holy Land
(2005), p. 245.

3. Rodney Howard Hilton,
Bond Men Made Free
(1973), pp. 99–100; Mary Morton Wood,
The Spirit of Protest in Old French Literature
(1917), p. 20; Matthew Paris,
Matthew Paris’s English History
, trans. J. A. Giles, vol. 2 (1853), p. 451.

4.
Le Roman de Renart
, quoted in Norman R. C. Cohn,
The Pursuit of the Millennium
, rev. ed. (1970), p. 82; Paris, vol. 2, p. 453.

5. Norman R. C. Cohn, pp. 96–98; Paris, vol. 2, p. 455.

6. Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 195–197; Jervis, p. 170.

7. Fawtier, pp. 32–33; Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 221–223; Georges Duby,
France in the Middle Ages, 987–1460
, trans. Juliet Vale (1991), p. 251.

8. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 216.

9. Mandell Creighton,
A History of the Papacy during the Period of the Reformation
(1882), vol. 1,
pp. 29–30; Brian Davies, ed.,
Thomas Aquinas
(2002), pp. 325–326.

10. Joinville and Villehardouin, pp. 341–342.

11. Saint Thomas Aquinas,
De Regimine Principum
, in
Main Currents of Western Thought
, ed. Franklin Le Van Baumer (1978), pp. 76–77.

12. Joinville and Villehardouin, p. 358.

Chapter Fifty-Two
The Lion’s Den

1. Innocent IV,
Eger cui levia
, in Bernard Guillemain,
The Later Middle Ages
, trans S. Taylor (1960), p. 38.

2. Vacandard, pp. 108–109.

3. David Carpenter,
The Reign of Henry III
(1996), p. 184.

4. Tout,
The Empire and the Papacy
, p. 480.

5. Paris, vol. 3, p. 102.

6. Tout,
The Empire and the Papacy
, p. 490.

7. R. F. Treharne,
The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258–63
(1971), pp. 30–32; Paris, vol. 3, p. 136, 151.

8. Treharne, pp. 66–67; Paris, vol. 3, p. 286.

9. J. R. M. Butler,
A History of England
(1928), pp. 99–100.

10. Paris, vol. 3, p. 291.

11. Ibid., p. 333; Treharne, pp. 252–253

12. J. R. M. Butler, pp. 109–110; Paris, vol. 3, p. 336; Carpenter, pp. 270–271.

13. Paris, vol. 3, p. 350.

14. Ibid., p. 352.

15. Jervis, p. 171; Stephen Runciman,
The Sicilian Vespers
(1960), p. 70.

16. Runciman,
Sicilian Vespers
, p. 85.

17. Dante Alighieri,
The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri
, trans. Henry F. Cary (1909), “Hell,” canto 28, p. 115.

18. Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 3, p. 156.

19. Tout,
The Empire and the Papacy
, pp. 486–487; Richard H. Lansing and Teodolinda Barolini,
The Dante Encyclopedia
(2000), p. 439; Ugo Balzani,
The Popes and the Hohenstaufen
(1889), p. 252.

20. Katherine L. Jansen et al., eds.,
Medieval Italy
(2009), pp. 136–137.

21. James Sime and Edward A. Freeman,
History of Germany
(1874), p. 99.

Chapter Fifty-Three
The Recapture of Constantinople

1. Robert Lee Wolff and Harry W. Hazard, eds.,
A History of the Crusades
, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (1969),
p. 218.

2. Edwin Pears,
The Destruction of the Greek Empire
(1903), p. 12.

3. Akropolites, p. 270.

4. Ibid., p. 336.

5. Ibid., p. 343.

6. Ibid., p. 367.

7. Janet Shirley, trans.,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
(1999), p. 117.

8. Ibid., p. 141.

9. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, p. 34; Abulafia,
The New Cambridge Medieval History
,
p. 435.

10. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 210–211.

11. Akropolites, p. 380.

12. Ibid., p. 386; George Ostrogorsky,
History of the Byzantine State
(1968), p. 581.

Chapter Fifty-Four
The Last Crusades

1. Abun-Nasr,
A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
, p. 121; Peter M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds.,
The Cambridge History of Islam
, vol. 2A (1977), pp. 230–231.

2. Norman Housley,
Contesting the Crusades
(2006), p. 73.

3. Joinville, pp. 221, 223.

4. Ibid., p. 223; Villani, p. 238.

5. Gabrieli, p. 310; George Hill,
A History of Cyprus
, vol. 2 (1948), p. 170.

6. Villani, pp. 251–252.

7. Michael Prestwich,
Edward I
(1988), p. 78.

8. Joseph F. Kelly, p. 96; Milman, pp. 406–407.

9. Jonathan Harris,
Byzantium and the Crusades
(2006), p. 180.

10. Milman, vol. 6, pp. 408–409.

11. Villani, pp. 295–296.

Chapter Fifty-Five
Kublai Khan

1. Richard L. Davis,
Wind against the Mountain
(1996), p. 29.

2. Lorge, pp. 84–85; Michael E. Haskew et al.,
Fighting Techniques of the Oriental World,
ad
1200–1860
(2008), pp. 188–189.

3. Richard L. Davis, p. 30.

4. Mote, p. 457; Thomas De Quincey,
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Related Writings
, ed. Joel Faflak (2009), pp. 287–288.

5. Marco Polo,
The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian
, trans. W. Marsden, rev. T. Wright and Peter Harrison (2008), pp. 123–124.

6. Ibid., p. 103.

7. De Bary, p. 280.

8. Sansom, p. 442.

9. Mote, p. 464.

10. Richard L. Davis, p. 2; Mote, p. 465.

11. Kozo Yamamura, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Japan
, vol. 3 (1990), pp. 145–146.

12. Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais, pp. 192–193; de Bary, p. 281; Yamamura, p. 147; Sansom,
pp. 149
–150.

13. Junjirō Takakusu, Wing-tsit Chan, and Charles A. Moore,
The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy
(1973), p. 191; Masaharu Anesaki,
Nichiren, the Buddhist Prophet
(1966), p. 127.

14. Sailendra N. Sen,
Ancient Indian History and Civilization
(1988), p. 531; Coedès,
The Making of South East Asia
, pp. 127–128.

15. Chapuis, pp. 83–84.

16. Polo, pp. 110–114.

Chapter Fifty-Six
The Sicilian Vespers

1. Robert H. Vickers,
History of Bohemia
(1894), pp. 262–263.

2. Sime and Freeman, pp. 96–97; Elizabeth Peake,
History of the German Emperors and Their Contemporaries
(1874), pp. 131–133.

3. Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 24, p. 242.

4. Harris, p. 181.

5. Villani, pp. 267–268.

6. Jervis, p. 176.

7. Milman, p. 448.

Chapter Fifty-Seven
The Wars of Edward I

1. Prestwich,
Plantagenet England
, pp. 146–147.

2. John Edward Lloyd,
A History of Wales
(1911), pp. 268–269.

3. Prestwich,
Edward I
, p. 188.

4. Ibid., p. 182.

5. Ibid., p. 194.

6.
The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346
, trans. Herbert Maxwell (1913), p. 35.

7. Ibid., pp. 40–41.

8. William Ferguson,
Scotland’s Relations with England
(1977), p. 23.

9. Prestwich,
Edward I
, p. 371.

10.
The Chronicle of Lanercost
, p. 86.

11. Ibid., p. 115; Magnus Magnusson,
Scotland
(2000), p. 119.

12. John of Fordun,
John of Fordun’s Chronicle of the Scottish Nation
, trans. Felix J. H. Skene (1872), p. 318.

13. Magnusson, pp. 132–133; Henry the Minstrel and William Hamilton,
The History of the Life and Adventures and Heroic Actions of the Renowned Sir William Wallace
(1812), p. 63.

14. Magnusson, pp. 134–135; Henry and Hamilton, pp. 83–84.

15. John of Fordun, p. 321.

16. J. M. I. Weatherford,
The History of Money
(1997), p. 68.

Chapter Fifty-Eight
The Second Sultanate of Delhi

1. Barani, pp. 125–126.

2. Ibid., pp. 132–133.

3. Ibid., pp. 146–147.

4. Ibid., p. 140; Chaurasia, p. 30.

5. Barani, p. 161.

6. Wolpert, p. 112; Ahmed, p. 60.

7. Spuler, p. 35.

8. Agha Hussain Hamadani,
The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans
(1986), p. 120.

9. Barani, p. 162.

10. Ibid., p. 163.

11. Mehta, p. 161.

12. Barani, p. 166.

13. Ibid., pp. 168–169.

14. Kumar, p. 283; Chaurasia, p. 41.

Chapter Fifty-Nine
The End of the Papal Monarchy

1. Morris, p. 185; Chew and Latham, p. 187; William Francis Thomas Butler,
The Lombard Communes
(1906), p. 341; Lansing and Barolini, p. 439.

2. Jean-Charles-Léonard Sismondi,
Italian Republics
(1841), pp. 85–87; Villani, p. 332; Dante, “Purgatory,” canto 20, lines 71ff., p. 225.

3. Tierney, pp. 186–188; Charles William Previte-Orton,
The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History
(1952), p. 55.

4. Jean Brissaud,
A History of French Public Law
, trans. James W. Garner (1915), pp. 367–368; Justo L. Gonzalez,
The Story of Christianity
, vol. 1 (1984), p. 331.

5. J. F. Verbruggen,
The Battle of the Golden Spurs
(2002), pp. 243–244.

6. Jean Edme Auguste Gosselin,
The Power of the Pope during the Middle Ages
, trans. Matthew Kelly, vol. 2 (1853), pp. 233–234.

7. Jervis, p. 185; David Jayne Hill,
A History of Diplomacy in the International Development of Europe
, vol. 1 (1967), pp. 401–402.

8. Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 27–29.

9. Jervis, p. 186; Creighton, vol. 1, pp. 31–32.

10. Malcolm Barber and A. K. Bate, trans. and eds.,
The Templars
(2002), pp. 246–247.

11. Weatherford, p. 69; Barber and Bate, p. 254

12. Weatherford, pp. 70–71; Barber and Bate, p. 309.

13. Villani, p. 403.

14. Sismondi, pp. 115–116.

15. Skinner, p. 6.

16. Creighton, vol. 1, p. 33.

17. Sophia Menache,
Clement V
(1998), pp. 33–34.

18. Jervis, pp. 190–191.

Chapter Sixty
The Appearance of the Ottomans