The History of the Renaissance World (112 page)

11. Morris, p. 195.

Chapter Thirteen
The Almohads in Spain

1. Kagay and Villalon, p. 27.

2. Joseph F. O’Callaghan,
A History of Medieval Spain
(1975), p. 232.

3. Michael Gerli,
Medieval Iberia
(2003), p. 82; David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds.,
New Cambridge Medieval History
, vol. 4 (2004), p. 615.

4. O’Callaghan, p. 236

5. Luscombe and Riley-Smith, p. 615.

6. Norman Roth,
Jews, Visigoths, and Muslims in Medieval Spain
(1994), p. 119

7. Jamil M. Abun-Nasr,
A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
(1987), pp. 93–94.

8. Luis Vaz de Camões,
The Lusiads
, trans. Landeg White (2002), p. 161 (canto 8, stanza 29).

9. H. P. Livermore,
A New History of Portugal
(1966), p. 64.

10. Luscombe and Riley-Smith, p. 617

11. Ibid., pp. 617–618; Uri Rubin and David J. Wasserstein, eds.,
Dhimmis and Others
(1997),
p. 166.

Chapter Fourteen
“Many Nations”

1. Nehemia Levtzion and Jay Spaulding, eds.,
Medieval West Africa
(2003), p. 7; Muhammad Fasi and Ivan Hrbek,
Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
(1988), p. 449.

2. “The Bornu Girgam,” translated in
Journal of the African Society
12, no. 45 (Oct. 1912): 75.

3. E. W. Bovill and Robin Hallett,
The Golden Trade of the Moors
, 2nd ed. (1995), pp. 160–161.

4. Paul E. Lovejoy,
Transformations in Slavery
(1983), pp. 15–16.

5. Levtzion and Spaulding, p. 7; Humphrey J. Fisher,
Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa
(2001), p. 238.

6. J. D. Fage and R. A. Oliver, eds.,
Papers in African Prehistory
(1970), pp. 259–260.

7. Richard Gray, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Africa
, vol. 4 (1975), pp. 202–203.

8. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, “Some Recent Archaeological Work on the Tanganyika Coast,”
Man
58 (July 1958): 106.

9. Ibid., pp. 107–108.

10. Elizabeth Allo Isichei,
A History of African Societies to 1870
(1997), p. 251.

11. Jeffrey Brodd,
Primary Source Readings in World Religions
(2009), pp. 34–35; Jacob Kehinde Olupona and Terry S. Reynolds, eds.,
Òrisà Devotion as World Religion
(2008), pp. 151–152.

12. Kevin Shillington, ed.,
Encyclopedia of African History
(2005), pp. 226–227; Dmitri M. Bondarenko and Peter M. Roese, “Between the Ogiso and Oba Dynasties: An Interpretation of Interregnum in the Benin Kingdom,”
History in Africa
31 (2004): 103–115.

13. Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, eds.,
Archaeology and Language
, vol. 3 (1999), p. 313.

14. Nehemia Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds.,
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
, trans. J. F. P. Hopkins (1981), pp. 79–80.

15. Djibril Tamsir Niane and Joseph Ki-Zerbo,
Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Centuries
(1997), pp. 124–125; Abiola Irele and Biodun Jeyifo, eds.,
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought
, vol. 1 (2010), pp. 406–407.

Chapter Fifteen
The Last Fatimid Caliph

1. Asbridge, p. 242.

2. Maya Shatzmiller,
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
(1993), p. 169.

3. H. A. R. Gibb, ed. and trans.,
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades
(2002), p. 341.

4. William of Tyre, p. 293.

5. Ibid., p. 294.

6. William Heywood,
A History of Pisa, Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
(2010), pp. 112–113.

7. William of Tyre, p. 305.

8. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 163.

9. Ibid., p. 172.

10. Asbridge, p. 273; Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 174.

11. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 175.

12. Ibid., p. 183; William of Tyre, pp. 367–368.

13. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 196–197.

Chapter Sixteen
Monks and Brahmans

1.
The Mahavansa, Part II
, trans. L. C. Wijesinha (1889), p. 126; H. W. Codrington,
Short History of Ceylon
(1926), pp. 58–59.

2. Wijesinha, p. 59.

3. Ibid., p. 148; Joseph Needham,
Science and Civilisation in China
, vol. 4 (1954), p. 371.

4. Wijesinha, p. 149.

5. S. K. Verma,
Political History of Ancient India
(2010), p. 146.

6. Hannah Chapelle Wojciehowski,
Group Identity in the Renaissance World
(2011), p. 179.

7. Ilana Friedrich-Silber,
Virtuosity, Charisma, and Social Order
(1995), p. 113.

8. Ibid., p. 105; Heinz Bechert, “Theravada Buddhist Sangha,”
Journal of Asian Studies
29, no. 4 (Aug. 1970): 765.

9. Friedrich-Silber, pp. 84–85; Bechert, p. 766; Richard Francis Gombrich,
Theravada Buddhism
(2006), p. 159.

10. J. F. Fleet, “Inscriptions at Ablur,” in E. Hultzsch, ed.,
Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archaological Survey of India
, vol. 5 (1898–99), p. 240.

11. Bharati Ray,
Different Types of History
(2009), pp. 251–252; Dale Hoiberg and Indu Ramchandani,
Students’ Britannica: India
, vol. 3 (2000), p. 286.

12. R. S. Sharma,
Early Medieval Indian Society
(2001), p. 195; Stanley Wolpert,
A New History of India
(2004), pp. 112–113; Ray, p. 251.

13. Ray, pp. 253–254.

14. Colin Metcalfe Enriquez,
Ceylon, Past and Present
(1927), pp. 40–41.

15. Hoiberg and Ramchandani, p. 163.

Chapter Seventeen
Conquest of the Willing

1. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund,
A History of India
, 3rd ed. (1998), p. 111.

2. Tso-kha-pa Blo-bza-grags-pa and Gareth Sparham,
The Fulfillment of All Hopes
(1999), pp. 2–4.

3. Tansen Sen,
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade
(2003), pp. 107–108.

4. Salahuddin Ahmed,
Bangladesh
(2004), p. 59.

5. Bauer,
The History of the Medieval World
, pp. 231–232.

6. Richard Maxwell Eaton,
The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760
(1993), pp. 16–17.

7. Sharma, pp. 102, 278, 283.

8. Minhaj Siraj Juzjani,
Tabakat-i-Nasiri
, trans. H. G. Raverty (1881), p. 352.

9. J. A. Boyle, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Iran
, vol. 5 (1968), p. 160.

10.
Tabakat-i-Nasiri
, p. 115.

11. Sir William Wilson Hunter,
Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1833–1962
, vol. 2 (1909), p. 309; Bauer,
The History of the Medieval World
, pp. 554–555.

12. Raj Kumar, ed.,
Essays on Medieval India
(2003), pp. 275, 277.

13. Ahmed, p. 59.

Chapter Eighteen
Death of a Priest

1. “Writ of William I,” quoted in Derek Baker,
England in the Early Middle Ages
, rev. ed. (1993),
p. 173.

2. Fraser, p. 130.

3. Henry William Carless Davis,
England under the Normans and Angevins, 1066–1272
(1949),
pp. 210–211.

4. Michael Staunton,
The Lives of Thomas Becket
(2001), p. 45.

5. Frank Barlow,
Thomas Becket
(1986), pp. 44–45; Staunton, pp. 52–53.

6. Fraser, p. 131; Staunton, pp. 67–68.

7. Ernest F. Henderson, ed. and trans.,
Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages
(1896),
pp. 11–16; Fraser, p. 132.

8. Thomas Becket, “Letter 82,” in
The Correspondence of Thomas Becket
,
Archbishop of Canterbury 1162–1170
, ed. and trans. Anne J. Duggan, vol. 1 (2000), pp. 329, 333.

9. Henderson, pp. 16–20.

10. Ibid.

11. James J. Spigelman,
Becket & Henry
(2004), pp. 229–230.

12. Ibid., p. 251.

13. Ibid., p. 255; Fraser, p. 134.

14. Edward Potts Cheyney,
Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources
(1922),
pp. 155–158

15. Fraser, p. 135.

Chapter Nineteen
Foreign Relations

1. Svat Soucek,
A History of Inner Asia
(2000), pp. 98–99.

2. Sicker, p. 58.

3. Madden,
The New Concise History
, pp. 64–65; John Julius Norwich,
Byzantium
(1996), p. 120.

4. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 121; William of Tyre, p. 235.

5. Stephen Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 2 (1951), p. 348.

6. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 122; Vasiliev, p. 426; Runciman,
A History of the Crusades
, vol. 2, p. 352.

7. Vasiliev, p. 427.

8. Alicia Simpson and Stephanos Efthymiadis,
Niketas Choniates
(2009), p. 113.

9. Pál Engel,
The Realm of St. Stephen
, trans. Tamás Pálosfalvi, ed. Andrew Ayton (2005), p. 36.

10. Paul Magdalino
, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos
,
1143–1180
(1993), p. 7.

11. John Van Antwerp Fine,
The Late Medieval Balkans
(1987), pp. 2–4.

Chapter Twenty
The Venetian Problem

1. Nicol,
Byzantium and Venice
, p. 96.

2. Madden,
The New Concise History
, p. 54.

3. Ibid.

4. John Cinnamus, quoted in Nicol,
Byzantium and Venice
, p. 99.

5. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 140–141.

6. Fine (1987), p. 6; Nicol,
Byzantium and Venice
, p. 107.

7. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 144.

8. Nicetas Choniates,
O City of Byzantium
, trans. Harry J. Magoulias (1984), pp. 192–193.

Chapter Twenty-One
Resentments

1. Gerald of Wales, “The History of the Conquest of Ireland,” in
The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis
, trans. Thomas Wright (1894), p. 184.

2. Ibid., p. 186; Ruth Dudley Edwards and Bridget Hourican,
An Atlas of Irish History
(1973),
pp. 184–185.

3. Gerald of Wales, p. 227.

4. Sean Duffy, Ailbhe MacShamhrain, and James Moynes,
Medieval Ireland
(2005), pp. 30–31; Hosler, p. 72.

5. Hosler, p. 65; Gerald of Wales, pp. 252–253.

6. Turner, pp. 224–225.

7. William of Newburgh,
The History of English Affairs, Book
II, ed. and trans. P. G. Walsh and
M. J.
Kennedy (2007), p. 117.

8. Wilfred Lewis Warren,
Henry II
(1973), p. 124.

9. Turner, pp. 226–227.

10. William of Newburgh,
Book II
, p. 153; Warren, pp. 135–136; Hosler, pp. 217–218; John Gillingham,
Richard I
(1999), p. 50.

11. Robert Fawtier,
The Capetian Kings of France
(1966), p. 110.

12. W. H. Jervis,
A History of France
(1869), p. 143.

13. Jerome A. Chanes,
Antisemitism
(2004), p. 153.

14. Robert Chazan,
Medieval Stereotypes and Modern Antisemitism
(1997), p. 14; Jervis, p. 144.

Chapter Twenty-Two
Saladin

1. Baha’ al-Din ibn Shaddad,
The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin
, trans. D. S. Richards (2002), pp. 18–19, 28.

2. Ibn al–Athir, pt. 2, p. 199.

3. Ibid., p. 225.

4. Ibn Shaddad, p. 51.

5. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 234; Yaacov Lev,
Saladin in Egypt
(1999), p. 105; Stanley Lane-Poole,
Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
(1898), pp. 141–142.

6. Lane-Poole,
Saladin
, p. 372; Lev, p. 168; ibn Shaddad, p. 55.

7. Madden,
The New Concise History
, pp. 73–74.

8. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 316–317; Madden,
The New Concise History
, pp. 73–74.

9. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 321

10. Peter W. Edbury, trans.,
The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
(1998), pp. 158–159.

11. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 323–324.

12. Ibid., pp. 324–325, 334; ibn Shaddad, p. 78.

13. Edbury, p. 73; Jervis, p. 144; Madden,
The New Concise History
, p. 79.

14. Edbury, p. 76.

Chapter Twenty-Three
The Gempei War

1. Jeffrey P. Mass,
Yoritomo and the Founding of the First Bakufu
(1999), pp. 19–21.

2. Shively and McCullough, p. 697.

3. Burton Watson, trans.,
Tales of the Heike
, ed. Haruo Shirane (2006), p. 16.

4. Brown and Ishida, p. 129.

5. Turnbull,
The Samurai
, pp. 56–57.

6. Ibid., pp. 57, 59.

7. James Sequin De Benneville,
Saito Mussashi-bo Benkei (Tales of the Wars of the Gempei)
(1910),
pp. 96, 166, 171.

8. Marius B. Jansen, ed.,
Warrior Rule in Japan
(1995), p. 19.

Chapter Twenty-Four
King’s Crusade

1. Roger of Hoveden,
The Annals of Roger de Hoveden
, trans. Henry T. Riley, vol. 2 (1853), p. 86.

2. Ibid., pp. 63–64; Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 84.

3. Gillingham,
Richard I
, pp. 95, 98.

4. Ibid., pp. 98–99; Roger of Wendover,
Flowers of History
, trans. J. A. Giles, vol. 2 (1849), p. 75; Roger of Hoveden, p. 109.

5. Roger of Hoveden, pp. 110–111.

6.
Itinerarium Regis Ricardi
, in Thomas Andrew Archer,
The Crusade of Richard I, 1189–1192
(1888), p. 6

7. Roger of Wendover, p. 87; Archer, p. 14.

8. Frederick I and Graham A. Loud,
The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa
(2009), pp. 46–47; Vasiliev, pp. 446–447.

9. Edbury, p. 88

10. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, pp. 375–376.

11. Edbury, p. 98; Madden,
The New Concise History
, pp. 83ff.; Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 386.

12. Archer, pp. 81–82.

13. Ibn al-Athir, pt. 2, p. 387; Jervis, p. 145; Edbury, p. 105.