The History of the Renaissance World (118 page)

3. Mark R. Lipschutz and R. Kent Rasmussen,
Dictionary of African Historical Biography
, 2nd ed. (1989), p. 240; Roland A. Oliver, ed.,
The Cambridge History of Africa
, vol. 3 (1975), p. 312.

4. Lewis H. Gann and Peter Duignan,
African and the World
(2000), pp. 216–217.

5. Toyin Falola and Adebayo Oyebade,
The Foundations of Nigeria
(2003), p. 594.

6. Dierk Lange,
Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa
(2004), pp. 157–158.

7. Bovill and Hallett (1995), pp. 225–226.

Chapter Eighty-Four
Madness and Usurpation

1. Walsingham, p. 63.

2. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, p. 353.

3. Ibid., pp. 364–365; Livermore, pp. 102–103.

4. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 374–375; Walsingham, pp. 242–244.

5. Walsingham, pp. 278–279.

6. Froissart (1901), vol. 1, pp. 534–535.

7. John Ronald Moreton-Macdonald,
A History of France
, vol. 1 (1915), p. 268.

8. Walsingham, pp. 298–299.

9. Ibid., pp. 301, 306; John Julius Norwich,
Shakespeare’s Kings
(1999), pp. 115–116; Usk, p. 49.

10. Norwich,
Shakespeare’s Kings
, pp. 121–122; Walsingham, pp. 308–309.

11. Walsingham, p. 311.

12. Ibid., p. 317; Usk, pp. 89–91; Froissart (1901), vol. 2, pp. 214–215; Raphael Holinshed,
Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
, vol. 3 (1808), p. 14.

Chapter Eighty-Five
The Battle of Nicopolis

1. Halil Inalcik, “Ottoman Methods of Conquest,”
Studia Islamica
, no. 2 (1954): 103.

2. Nicol,
The Last Century of Byzantium
, pp. 285–289.

3. Ibid., pp. 289–291; Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 345.

4. Inalcik, p. 120; Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 345.

5. Nicol,
The Last Century of Byzantium
, pp. 292–293.

6. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 347.

7. Vasiliev, p. 629.

8. Ibid.

9. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 353.

10. France, pp. 276–277.

11. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 355.

12. David Nicolle,
Nicopolis
(1999), pp. 68–69.

Chapter Eighty-Six
The Union and Disunion of Kalmar

1. Franklin Daniel Scott,
Sweden, the Nation’s History
(1977), p. 81.

2. Vivian Etting,
Queen Margrete I, 1353–1412, and the Founding of the Nordic Union
(2004) p. 135.

3. Scott, pp. 81–82.

4. Ibid., p. 82; Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen,
A History of Norway from the Earliest Times
(1900), p. 468.

5. Boyesen, pp. 468–470.

6. Etting, pp. 135–136.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid., p. 136.

9. Ibid., pp. 142–144.

10. Boyesen, p. 473.

11. Lester B. Orfield,
The Growth of Scandinavian Law
(2002), p. 143.

Chapter Eighty-Seven
The Hussite Uprising

1. Mogens Herman Hansen, ed.,
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures
(2000), pp. 22, 296.

2. Henry Smith Williams, ed.,
The Historians’ History of the World
, vol. 14 (1907), pp. 188–189.

3. Ibid., p. 192; Richard K. Emmerson and Sandra Clayton-Emmerson, eds.,
Key Figures in Medieval Europe
(2006), p. 663; Thatcher and McNeal, p. 400.

4. Emmerson and Clayton-Emmerson, p. 663; Francis Dvornik,
The Slavs in European History and Civilization
(1962), p. 186; Hans Prutz,
The Age of the Renaissance
, trans. John Henry Wright (1905), pp. 148–149; Michael Jones, pp. 559–560.

5. Niccolò Machiavelli,
The History of Florence and of the Affairs of Italy
(1891), pp. 438–439.

6. Williams, p. 194.

7. Philip Schaff and David Schley Schaff,
History of the Christian Church
, vol. 5, pt. 2 (1910),
pp. 341
–342.

8. Ibid., p. 343.

9. John Wycliffe,
Writings of the Reverend and Learned John Wickliff
(1831), pp. 156, 162–163; Walsingham, pp. 259, 272; Peters, pp. 257–259.

10. Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder, eds.,
Documents of the Christian Church
, 4th ed. (2011), pp. 192–193, Walsingham, p. 249.

11. Jan Hus,
The Letters of John Hus
(1904), p. 26.

12. Ibid., p. 27.

13. Dvornik, p. 193; Schaff and Schaff, p. 366.

14. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 162.

15. Williams, pp. 200–201; Prutz, p. 159.

16. Hus, pp. 144–145.

17. Ibid., pp. 160–161, 167–168.

18. Ibid., p. 179; Schaff and Schaff, pp. 373–374.

19. Prutz, p. 160.

20. Schaff and Schaff, pp. 380–382; Hus, p. 279.

21. Emmerson and Clayton-Emmerson, p. 664.

Chapter Eighty-Eight
The Taking of France

1. Froissart (1901), vol. 2, p. 211.

2. Ramsay, p. 43; Usk, p. 145.

3. Jams Grant,
British Battles on Land and Sea
, vol. 1 (1897), pp. 76ff.

4. Usk, p. 243.

5. Enguerrand de Monstrelet,
The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet
, trans. Thomas Johnes,
vol. 1
(1877), p. 34.

6. Ibid., pp. 53–54.

7. Ibid., pp. 53, 56.

8. Richard Vaughan,
John the Fearless
(2002), p. 70.

9. Moreton-Macdonald, p. 271; Vaughan, pp. 80–82.

10. Usk, p. 243; Walsingham, p. 389.

11. Moreton-Macdonald, pp. 272–273; Walsingham, p. 397.

12. Jervis, p. 238; Walsingham, p. 397.

13. Walsingham, pp. 407–409.

14. Jervis, p. 239.

15. Walsingham, p. 410.

16. Ibid., p. 412; Monstrelet, vol. 1, p. 342; Usk, p. 257.

17. Monstrelet, vol. 1, p. 343.

18. Moreton-Macdonald, p. 276; Ramsay, pp. 243–244.

19. Ramsay, pp. 267–270.

20. Moreton-Macdonald, pp. 280–281.

Chapter Eighty-Nine
After Timurlane

1. Brian M. Fagan,
From Stonehenge to Samarkand
(2006), p. 244; Ruy González de Clavijo,
Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406
, trans. Guy Le Strange (1928), pp. 146–152.

2. Kulke and Rothermund, p. 170.

3. Rabbat, pp. 16–17, 136–137; Nezar AlSayyad,
Cairo
(2011), pp. 122–123, 127.

4. Marozzi, pp. 291–292.

5. Levi and Sela, pp. 171–175.

6. Nicol,
The Last Centuries of Byzantium
, p. 314.

7. Finkel, pp. 28–29.

8. Jackson,
The Mongols and the West
, p. 314; Finkel, p. 29.

9. Finkel, p. 31.

10. Grousset, p. 434.

11. Jackson,
The Mongols and the West
, p. 314.

12. Jackson and Lockhart, pp. 81–82.

13. Spuler, pp. 74–75; Ana Serrano et al.,
Ibn Khaldun
(2006), pp. 110–111.

14. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 375.

15. Ibid., pp. 376–377; Finkel, pp. 35–36.

16. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 376–377.

Chapter Ninety
The Withdrawal of the Ming

1. Kenneth Chase,
Firearms
(2003), p. 41.

2. Timothy Brook,
The Troubled Empire
(2010), pp. 90–91.

3. Ibid., pp. 91–92; Timothy Brook, Jérôme Bourgon, and Gregory Blue,
Death by a Thousand Cuts
(2008), pp. 117–118.

4. Ma-Huan,
Ying-yai Sheng-lan
, trans. and ed. J. V. G. Mills (1970), pp. 6ff.; Brook, pp. 92–93; Chase, pp. 50–51.

5. Wang, pp. 153–154.

6. Ibid., pp. 155–156.

7. Gernet, p. 398; Denis Sinor,
Inner Asia
(1969), p. 205; Chase, pp. 46–47.

8. Chapuis, p. 101.

9. Julia Lovell,
The Great
Wall
(2006), pp. 190–191.

10. Wang, p. 154.

11. Chase, p. 51.

12. Gernet, pp. 403–405; Chase, pp. 52–53.

13. Lovell, pp. 192–193.

14. Ibid., pp. 198–199.

15. Gernet, p. 405.

Chapter Ninety-One
Failure

1. Sismondi, p. 203.

2. John Addington Symonds,
Renaissance in Italy
(1883), pp. 152–153; Machiavelli, pp. 44–45.

3. Sismondi, pp. 210–211; Symonds, p. 152; Machiavelli, p. 159.

4. Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 40ff.

5. Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries,
A History of Eastern Europe
, 2nd ed. (2007), pp. 147–148; Emil Reich,
Select Documents Illustrating Medieval and Modern History
(1905), p. 630.

6. Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 150; Craig D. Atwood,
The Theology of the Czech Brethren from Hus to Comenius
(2009), p. 115.

7. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 69; Hans Ferdinand Helmolt,
The World’s History
(1901), p. 199.

8. Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 81–82.

9. George Frederick Young,
The Medici
, vol. 1 (1911), p. 36.

10. Helmolt, p. 198; Creighton, vol. 2, pp. 105ff.

11. Hugh L. Agnew,
The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
(2004), pp. 49–59.

12. Creighton, vol. 2, p. 162.

13. Ibid., p. 176.

14. Ibid., pp. 179ff.

15. Kenneth Meyer Setton,
The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571
, vol. 2 (1978), pp. 65–66.

Chapter Ninety-Two
Perpetual Slavery

1. Pierre Bontier, Jean Le Verrier, and Richard Henry Major,
The Canarian, or Book of the Conquest and Conversion of the Canarians in the Year 1402
(1872), pp. 4, 41–44.

2. Felipe Fernández-Armesto,
Before Columbus
(1994), pp. 181–182.

3. C. Raymond Beazley,
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1911), pp. 149–150.

4. Malyn Newitt,
The Portuguese in West Africa
(2010), pp. 26–27.

5. Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Vinius,
Foundations of the Portuguese Empire
,
1415–1580
(1977), p. 55.

6. Gomes Eanes de Zurara,
The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea
, trans. Charles Raymond Beazley and Edgar Prestage, vol. 1 (1896), p. 27; Malyn Newitt,
A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668
(2005), p. 19.

7. Zurara, pp. 30–31.

8. Ibid., pp. 33.

9. W. A. Salisbury
Portugal and Its People
(1893), pp. 98–99.

10. Zurara, pp. 40ff.; Newitt,
A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion
, p. 24.

11. Diffie and Vinius, p. 79; Newitt,
The Portuguese in West Africa
, pp. 49–50.

12. Diffie and Vinius, pp. 80–81.

13. Arthur Helps,
The Conquerors of the New World and Their Bondsmen
, vol. 1 (1848), pp. 33–36.

14. Diffie and Vinius, p. 82; Newitt,
The Portuguese in West Africa
, p. 151.

15. Newitt,
The Portuguese in West Africa
, p. 44.

16. Salisbury, p. 105.

17. Stefan Goodwin,
Africa in Europe
(2009), p. 128; A. J. R. Russell-Wood, “Iberian Expansion and the Issue of Black Slavery,”
American Historical Review
83, no. 1 (Feb. 1978): 27–28.

18. Francis Gardiner Davenport, ed.,
European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648
(1917): 22–23.

Chapter Ninety-Three
The Loss of France

1. Walsingham, pp. 442–443.

2. Holinshed, p. 136; Rushton, p. 80; Enguerrand de Monstrelet,
The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet
, vol. 6, trans. Thomas Johnes (1810), pp. 3–4.

3. Malcolm G. A. Vale,
Charles VII
(1974), pp. 27, 35.

4. Holinshed, p. 137.

5. Ibid., p. 143; Vale, p. 33; Monstrelet, vol. 6, pp. 49–51;

6. Prutz, pp. 215–216; Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 248.

7. Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 254.

8. Régine Pernoud and Marie-Véronique Clin,
Joan of Arc
, trans. Jeremy duQuesnay Adams (1998), p. 23.

9. Monstrelet, vol. 6, p. 255.

10. Clayton J. Drees,
The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500
(2001), p. 252.

11. Donald Spoto,
Joan
(2007), p. 111.

12. Ibid., p. 118; Holinshed, p. 170.

13. Spoto, pp. 121ff.

14. Daniel Hobbins, trans.,
The Trial of Joan of Arc
(2007), p. 20.

15. Pernoud and Clin, p. 135.

16. Ibid., pp. 136–137.

17. Jervis, pp. 251–252; Enguerrand de Monstrelet,
The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet
, vol. 2, trans. Thomas Johnes (1853), p. 24.

18. Monstrelet, vol. 2, pp. 3–4, 6.

19. Ibid., pp. 28–29.

20. Jervis, pp. 253–254.

21. Vale, pp. 116–117; Holinshed, p. 229.

22. Holinshed, pp. 235–236; Hooper and Bennett, pp. 134–135.

23. Vale, pp. 173–175; Rushton, pp. 78–80.

Chapter Ninety-Four
The Fall

1. Finkel, pp. 41–42.

2. Pero Tafur,
Travels and Adventures, 1435–1439
, trans. Malcom H. I. Letts (1926), pp. 217–219.

3. Thomas Henry Dyer,
The History of Modern Europe
, vol. 1 (1861), pp. 14–15.

4. Tafur, p. 222.

5. Dyer, pp. 15–16.

6. Bertrandon de la Brocquière,
The Travels of Bertandon de la Brocquière
, trans. Thomas Johnes (1807), pp. 281–282; Peter Purton,
A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
(2010),
p. 245.

7. Stephen R. Turnbull,
The Ottoman Empire
,
1326–1699
(2003), pp. 32–33; Finkel, pp. 44–45; Theoharis Stavrides,
The Sultan of Vezirs
(2001), pp. 53–54.

8. Hazard, pp. 655–656.

9. Turnbull,
The Ottoman Empire
, pp. 31–32.

10. Nicol,
The Last Century of Byzantium
, p. 363; Stavrides, p. 53; Dyer, pp. 17–18.

11. Norwich,
Byzantium
, pp. 414–415; Donald M. Nicol,
The Immortal Emperor
(1992), p. 52; Hazard, p. 657.

12. Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 414.

13. Finkel, p. 49; Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 415.

14. Nicol,
The Immortal Emperor
, p. 56; Norwich,
Byzantium
, p. 415.