Authors: Wendy Doniger
The Hindus (123 page)
CHAPTER 5 : HUMANS, ANIMALS, AND GODS IN THE RIG VEDA
1
Thapar,
Early India
, 109. All translations are from Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
and
Hindu Myths
, unless otherwise noted.
Thapar,
Early India
, 109. All translations are from Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
and
Hindu Myths
, unless otherwise noted.
6
For a discussion of the oral transmission of the
Rig Veda
, see Louis Renou,
The Destiny of the Veda in India
, 25-26 and 84.
For a discussion of the oral transmission of the
Rig Veda
, see Louis Renou,
The Destiny of the Veda in India
, 25-26 and 84.
7
For a fuller discussion of the relationship between
shruti
and
smriti
, see Brian K. Smith, “Exorcising the Transcendent: Strategies for Defining Hinduism and Religion” and “The Unity of Ritual: The Place of the Domestic Sacrifice in Vedic Ritualism.”
For a fuller discussion of the relationship between
shruti
and
smriti
, see Brian K. Smith, “Exorcising the Transcendent: Strategies for Defining Hinduism and Religion” and “The Unity of Ritual: The Place of the Domestic Sacrifice in Vedic Ritualism.”
12
Romila Thapar’s phrase, after George Michell’s “portable temple.”
Romila Thapar’s phrase, after George Michell’s “portable temple.”
19
Ibid.
Ibid.
21
RV 10.148.5; 10.94.14; 8.9.10 ; cf. 1.112.13; 10.123.1-5, 5.52.16 1.84.10-11; 8.6.19, 2.34.2, 5.60.5, 34-36 ; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 322.
RV 10.148.5; 10.94.14; 8.9.10 ; cf. 1.112.13; 10.123.1-5, 5.52.16 1.84.10-11; 8.6.19, 2.34.2, 5.60.5, 34-36 ; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 322.
25
Gommans, “The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,” 71.
Gommans, “The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,” 71.
26
Ibid., 69.
Ibid., 69.
29
Schmidt, “The Origin of Ahimsa.”
Schmidt, “The Origin of Ahimsa.”
31
Ibid., 467.
Ibid., 467.
32
Ibid., 490.
Ibid., 490.
34
Parpola, “The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India.”
Parpola, “The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India.”
36
Ibid., 122.
Ibid., 122.
41
Witzel, “Early Sanskritization.”
Witzel, “Early Sanskritization.”
43
Scheuer, “Rudra-Siva et la destruction du sacrifice.”
Scheuer, “Rudra-Siva et la destruction du sacrifice.”
44
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Post-Vedic History of the Soma Plant.”
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Post-Vedic History of the Soma Plant.”
45
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office appeal no. 2005-1337, application no. 10/227,006.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office appeal no. 2005-1337, application no. 10/227,006.
47
As R. Gordon Wasson called it.
As R. Gordon Wasson called it.
50
Ghosha as the author of 10.40, Apala as the author of 8.91; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 246-46, 256.
Ghosha as the author of 10.40, Apala as the author of 8.91; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 246-46, 256.
52
Ibid., 92.
Ibid., 92.
57
RV 10.135, 10.51, 10.124, 4.26-7, 10.108, 10.28, etc.
RV 10.135, 10.51, 10.124, 4.26-7, 10.108, 10.28, etc.
58
Yami, the twin sister of Yama, in 10.10; Lopamudra, the wife of Agastya, in 1.179.
Yami, the twin sister of Yama, in 10.10; Lopamudra, the wife of Agastya, in 1.179.
60
Yami is rejected by Yama, Lopamudra by Agastya, Pururavas by Urvashi.
Yami is rejected by Yama, Lopamudra by Agastya, Pururavas by Urvashi.
61
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 312. For the porcupine, see
Atharva Veda
6.13, Shaunaka recension, Bloomfield ed.
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 312. For the porcupine, see
Atharva Veda
6.13, Shaunaka recension, Bloomfield ed.
64
RV 10.9, 7.49, 10.146, 10.71, 10.125; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 61-63, 179-182, 199-200, 231-32, 242-45.
RV 10.9, 7.49, 10.146, 10.71, 10.125; Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 61-63, 179-182, 199-200, 231-32, 242-45.
67
Bolon,
Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art
, figure 52; Kramrisch, “An Image of Aditi-Uttanapad,” 259-70.
Bolon,
Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art
, figure 52; Kramrisch, “An Image of Aditi-Uttanapad,” 259-70.
70
Dorson, “The Eclipse of Solar Mythology.”
Dorson, “The Eclipse of Solar Mythology.”
72
Lincoln, “The Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myth,” 18.
Lincoln, “The Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myth,” 18.
74
Ibid.
Ibid.
CHAPTER 6: SACRIFICE IN THE BRAHMANAS
1
The date is sometimes said to be 3102 BCE or 1400 BCE. West,
Indo-European Poetry
, 13; Brockington,
The Sanskrit Epics
.
The date is sometimes said to be 3102 BCE or 1400 BCE. West,
Indo-European Poetry
, 13; Brockington,
The Sanskrit Epics
.
12
Ibid., 89-90.
Ibid., 89-90.
15
Witzel, “The Development of the Vedic Canon,” 313, 321, 333.
Witzel, “The Development of the Vedic Canon,” 313, 321, 333.
19
Manu 7.130-31.
Manu 7.130-31.
26
RV 10.119-2-3, 9, 11-12.
RV 10.119-2-3, 9, 11-12.
32
Shatapatha Brahmana
13.2.9.9 and 13.5.2.10; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 17-18. The mantra is from RV 4.39, a prayer to a racehorse named Dadhikravan.
Shatapatha Brahmana
13.2.9.9 and 13.5.2.10; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 17-18. The mantra is from RV 4.39, a prayer to a racehorse named Dadhikravan.
36
White, “Dogs Die,” 283-303.
White, “Dogs Die,” 283-303.
48
D. N. Jha,
The Myth of the Holy Cow,
30-36; Keith,
Religion and Philosophy
, 324-26; Heesterman,
The Broken World
, 194, 283, n. 32; Renou,
Vedic India,
109.
D. N. Jha,
The Myth of the Holy Cow,
30-36; Keith,
Religion and Philosophy
, 324-26; Heesterman,
The Broken World
, 194, 283, n. 32; Renou,
Vedic India,
109.
50
Cf.
Ashvalayana Grihya-sutra
1.24, 31-33, for the ritual of killing a cow on the arrival of a guest.
Cf.
Ashvalayana Grihya-sutra
1.24, 31-33, for the ritual of killing a cow on the arrival of a guest.
55
See the introduction, by Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith, to
The Laws of Manu
. See also the conflict between sacrifice and nonviolence in Doniger O’Flaherty,
Other Peoples’ Myths
, chapter 4.
See the introduction, by Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith, to
The Laws of Manu
. See also the conflict between sacrifice and nonviolence in Doniger O’Flaherty,
Other Peoples’ Myths
, chapter 4.
60
Sauve, “The Divine Victim”; Willibald Kirfel, “Der Asvamedha und der Purusamedha.”
Sauve, “The Divine Victim”; Willibald Kirfel, “Der Asvamedha und der Purusamedha.”
63
For men as the sacrificial beasts of the gods, see Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 169-73.
For men as the sacrificial beasts of the gods, see Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Origins of Evil
, 169-73.
65
See the discussion of human sacrifice in Parpola, “The Pre-Vedic Indian Background,” 49-53; Weber, “Purusamedakandha” and “Ueber Menschenopfer”; Wilson, “On the Sacrifice of Human Beings”; Mitra, “On Human Sacrifices.”
See the discussion of human sacrifice in Parpola, “The Pre-Vedic Indian Background,” 49-53; Weber, “Purusamedakandha” and “Ueber Menschenopfer”; Wilson, “On the Sacrifice of Human Beings”; Mitra, “On Human Sacrifices.”
69
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
1.4.10;
Shatapatha Brahmana
14.4.2.21-22; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 91.
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
1.4.10;
Shatapatha Brahmana
14.4.2.21-22; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Origins of Evil
, 91.
75
Grottanelli, “Yoked Horses.”
Grottanelli, “Yoked Horses.”
76
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 257-263; Jamison,
Sacrificed Wife
, 77-88, further developed this connection between the horse sacrifice and RV 10.86, and showed that the monkey is a mock horse and the poem a mock horse sacrifice.
Doniger O’Flaherty,
The Rig Veda
, 257-263; Jamison,
Sacrificed Wife
, 77-88, further developed this connection between the horse sacrifice and RV 10.86, and showed that the monkey is a mock horse and the poem a mock horse sacrifice.
94
Tale Type 369, 465C, 466, 812.
Tale Type 369, 465C, 466, 812.
98
Aitareya Brahmana, Maitrayani Samhita, Kathaka Samhita;
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 12.
Aitareya Brahmana, Maitrayani Samhita, Kathaka Samhita;
Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 12.
99
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Post-Vedic History.”
Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Post-Vedic History.”
106
Jaiminiya Brahmana
1.97-98; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 51-52. Cf.
Chandogya Upanishad
1.2.1-6.
Jaiminiya Brahmana
1.97-98; Doniger O’Flaherty,
Tales of Sex and Violence
, 51-52. Cf.
Chandogya Upanishad
1.2.1-6.
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