The Hindus (121 page)
Authors: Wendy Doniger
Satyavati:
daughter of a fisherman, mother of Vyasa and other key figures in the
Mahabharata
daughter of a fisherman, mother of Vyasa and other key figures in the
Mahabharata
sepoy
(from Turkish
sipahi
[“soldier”]): native troop serving the British in India
(from Turkish
sipahi
[“soldier”]): native troop serving the British in India
Shachi:
the wife of the god Indra
the wife of the god Indra
Shaiva:
pertaining to Shiva; a worshiper of Shiva
pertaining to Shiva; a worshiper of Shiva
Shakas:
Scythians
Scythians
shakti:
power, particularly female power, more particularly a goddess or the wife of a god
power, particularly female power, more particularly a goddess or the wife of a god
Shankara:
a nondualist philosopher from Kerala, c. 788-820 CE
a nondualist philosopher from Kerala, c. 788-820 CE
Shantanu:
husband of Satyavati and of the Ganges River, father of Bhishma, in the
Mahabharata
husband of Satyavati and of the Ganges River, father of Bhishma, in the
Mahabharata
shastras:
texts or textbooks, sciences
texts or textbooks, sciences
Shatrughna:
one of Rama’s three brothers, in the
Ramayana
one of Rama’s three brothers, in the
Ramayana
Shattaris:
Sufi sect
Sufi sect
Shiva:
the Great God (Mahadeva)
the Great God (Mahadeva)
Shivaji:
founder of the kingdom of Maharashtra, leader of resistance against the Mughals, 1630-1680 CE
founder of the kingdom of Maharashtra, leader of resistance against the Mughals, 1630-1680 CE
Shrirangam:
Vaishnava temple, also known as Tiruvarangam, in Trichi (Tiruchirappalli), on the Kaveri River, in Tamil Nadu; the seat of Ramanuja
Vaishnava temple, also known as Tiruvarangam, in Trichi (Tiruchirappalli), on the Kaveri River, in Tamil Nadu; the seat of Ramanuja
Shudras:
“servants,” the lowest of the four classes (
varnas
) of ancient Indian society
“servants,” the lowest of the four classes (
varnas
) of ancient Indian society
Shunahshepha:
boy, in the Brahmanas, whose father tried to sell him to be sacrificed
boy, in the Brahmanas, whose father tried to sell him to be sacrificed
Shungas:
dynasty that ruled North India from 185 to 73 BCE
dynasty that ruled North India from 185 to 73 BCE
Shurapanakha:
ogress (Rakshasi), sister of Ravana, mutilated by Lakshmana, in the
Ramayana
ogress (Rakshasi), sister of Ravana, mutilated by Lakshmana, in the
Ramayana
Shvetaketu:
a sage, in the Upanishads
a sage, in the Upanishads
Sikhs:
followers of the religion founded by Guru Nanak, 1469-1539, in the Punjab
followers of the religion founded by Guru Nanak, 1469-1539, in the Punjab
Sindhu:
“river,” Greek and Persian word later used as the basis of the word for the people who lived east of the Indus, the Hindus
“river,” Greek and Persian word later used as the basis of the word for the people who lived east of the Indus, the Hindus
Sita:
an incarnate goddess, the wife of Rama, in the
Ramayana
an incarnate goddess, the wife of Rama, in the
Ramayana
Skanda:
a son of Shiva, general of the gods, identified with Murukan in South India
a son of Shiva, general of the gods, identified with Murukan in South India
Skull Bearers.
See
Kapalikas.
See
Kapalikas.
soma:
a plant pressed to yield a hallucinogenic fluid, offered to the gods in the Vedas; also a name of the moon
a plant pressed to yield a hallucinogenic fluid, offered to the gods in the Vedas; also a name of the moon
Somanatha (Somnath):
a great temple to Shiva, and the city around it, in southwest Gujarat
a great temple to Shiva, and the city around it, in southwest Gujarat
Sri Lanka:
present-day name of the island previously known as Ceylon or Serendip but probably not Lanka
present-day name of the island previously known as Ceylon or Serendip but probably not Lanka
stupas:
Buddhist relic mounds
Buddhist relic mounds
Sufism:
a mystical branch of Islam
a mystical branch of Islam
Sugriva:
a monkey king befriended by Rama in the
Ramayana
a monkey king befriended by Rama in the
Ramayana
Sukeshin:
ogre (Rakshasa) devoted to Shiva, in the Puranas
ogre (Rakshasa) devoted to Shiva, in the Puranas
Surya:
the sun, a Vedic god
the sun, a Vedic god
Sushruta:
author of a medical text
author of a medical text
Sutas:
“Charioteers,” name of a caste of charioteers and improvisational bards, in ancient India
“Charioteers,” name of a caste of charioteers and improvisational bards, in ancient India
suttee
(from Sanskrit
sati
): the burning of a woman on the pyre of her dead husband; also, the woman who does this
(from Sanskrit
sati
): the burning of a woman on the pyre of her dead husband; also, the woman who does this
sva-dharma:
one’s own particular dharma, in contrast with general (
sadharana dharma)
one’s own particular dharma, in contrast with general (
sadharana dharma)
svayambhu:
“self-existent” or “self-created,” an epithet of Prajapati and of several other mythical creators; also applied to lingas and other religious symbols that appear in nature, without human agency
“self-existent” or “self-created,” an epithet of Prajapati and of several other mythical creators; also applied to lingas and other religious symbols that appear in nature, without human agency
Swaminarayan:
founder of the Satsangi sect, 1780-1830 CE
founder of the Satsangi sect, 1780-1830 CE
tamas:
“darkness,” one of the three qualities or
gunas
of matter, according to Sankhya philosophy
“darkness,” one of the three qualities or
gunas
of matter, according to Sankhya philosophy
Tamil:
Dravidian language of South India
Dravidian language of South India
Tantra:
form of Hinduism (also of Buddhism), and the texts and practices of those traditions
form of Hinduism (also of Buddhism), and the texts and practices of those traditions
tapas:
internal heat, generated through rigid self-control of the senses and violent yogic practices
internal heat, generated through rigid self-control of the senses and violent yogic practices
Tej Singh:
historical figure, the son of the commander of the fort of Senji under Aurangzeb; also a hero of Hindi folklore
historical figure, the son of the commander of the fort of Senji under Aurangzeb; also a hero of Hindi folklore
Thapar, Romila:
India’s greatest living historian of the ancient period
India’s greatest living historian of the ancient period
Thompson, Stith:
author of a detailed index of the themes in folklore, 1885-1976 CE
author of a detailed index of the themes in folklore, 1885-1976 CE
Thugs
(from the Sanskrit sthaga [“thief,” “rogue”]): members of a gang of assassins who worshiped Kali and terrorized the British in India
(from the Sanskrit sthaga [“thief,” “rogue”]): members of a gang of assassins who worshiped Kali and terrorized the British in India
Tirumal:
Tamil name of Vishnu
Tamil name of Vishnu
Tiruvacakam:
“the sacred word”: a poem in praise of Shiva, composed by Manikkavacakar, c. 800 CE
“the sacred word”: a poem in praise of Shiva, composed by Manikkavacakar, c. 800 CE
Treta Yuga:
“the Trey,” the second of the four degenerating ages (Yugas)
“the Trey,” the second of the four degenerating ages (Yugas)
Trimurti:
“triple form,” the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
“triple form,” the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva
Trishanku:
king who tried in vain to get to heaven and remains stuck halfway there
king who tried in vain to get to heaven and remains stuck halfway there
trivarga:
“triple path,” the three goals of human life (
purusha-arthas
)
“triple path,” the three goals of human life (
purusha-arthas
)
Tukaram:
antinomian poet saint in Maharashtra, 1608-1649 CE
antinomian poet saint in Maharashtra, 1608-1649 CE
Tulsidas:
poet, author of the Hindi
Ramcharitmanas
, 1532-1623 CE
poet, author of the Hindi
Ramcharitmanas
, 1532-1623 CE
Tvastri:
Vedic architect, blacksmith, and artisan of the gods
Vedic architect, blacksmith, and artisan of the gods
twice born (
dvi-ja
):
name of the three higher classes (
varnas
) of Hindu society, reborn on their initiation
dvi-ja
):
name of the three higher classes (
varnas
) of Hindu society, reborn on their initiation
ulama:
conservative ruling body of Islam
conservative ruling body of Islam
Ulupi:
a cobra woman married by Arjuna, in the
Mahabharata
a cobra woman married by Arjuna, in the
Mahabharata
Upanishads:
Sanskrit philosophical texts, from c. 500 BCE
Sanskrit philosophical texts, from c. 500 BCE
Vaishnava:
pertaining to Vishnu; a worshiper of Vishnu
pertaining to Vishnu; a worshiper of Vishnu
Vaishyas:
the third of the four classes (
varnas
) of ancient Indian society
the third of the four classes (
varnas
) of ancient Indian society
Valin:
monkey falsely accused of usurping his brother’s throne, unfairly killed by Rama, in the
Ramayana
monkey falsely accused of usurping his brother’s throne, unfairly killed by Rama, in the
Ramayana
Valmiki:
author of the
Ramayana
and, within it, guardian and tutor of Rama’s twin sons
author of the
Ramayana
and, within it, guardian and tutor of Rama’s twin sons
Vama:
“left-hand,” said of the more antinomian aspects of Hinduism, particularly of Tantrism
“left-hand,” said of the more antinomian aspects of Hinduism, particularly of Tantrism
Varanasi:
name of Kashi, Benares
name of Kashi, Benares
varna:
“color,” any of the four social classes of ancient India
“color,” any of the four social classes of ancient India
varna-ashrama-dharma:
the religious law pertaining to social class (
varna
) and stage of life (
ashrama
), often used as a description of Hinduism
the religious law pertaining to social class (
varna
) and stage of life (
ashrama
), often used as a description of Hinduism
varna-samkara:
the mixture of classes, miscegenation
the mixture of classes, miscegenation
Varuna:
Vedic god of the sky, the waters, and the moral law
Vedic god of the sky, the waters, and the moral law
vasana:
“perfume,” the memory traces left by former lives
“perfume,” the memory traces left by former lives
Vasudeva:
the cowherd who adopts the infant Krishna and raises him, in the Puranas
the cowherd who adopts the infant Krishna and raises him, in the Puranas
Vatsyayana:
author of the
Kama-sutra
author of the
Kama-sutra
Vayu:
god of the wind
god of the wind
Veda:
“knowledge,” one of the three (or four) most ancient sacred texts; also used to denote all four Vedas plus the Brahmanas and Upanishads
“knowledge,” one of the three (or four) most ancient sacred texts; also used to denote all four Vedas plus the Brahmanas and Upanishads
Vedanta:
“end of the Veda,” a term for the Upanishads and for the later philosophy based on the Upanishads
“end of the Veda,” a term for the Upanishads and for the later philosophy based on the Upanishads
Vedantic:
pertaining to the Vedanta
pertaining to the Vedanta
Vessantara Jataka:
Buddhist text that tells the story of a king, Vessantara, who lost everything he had
Buddhist text that tells the story of a king, Vessantara, who lost everything he had
Vibhishana:
an ogre, the moralistic brother of Ravana, in the
Ramayana
an ogre, the moralistic brother of Ravana, in the
Ramayana
Vidura:
a son of Vyasa born of a servant girl; an incarnation of dharma
a son of Vyasa born of a servant girl; an incarnation of dharma
viraha:
separation, particularly the emotional agony of separation from a lover or from a beloved god
separation, particularly the emotional agony of separation from a lover or from a beloved god
Virashaiva:
a sect of Shaivas, also called Lingayats, founded by Basava c. 1106-1167 CE
a sect of Shaivas, also called Lingayats, founded by Basava c. 1106-1167 CE
Virochana:
an antigod, father of Bali
an antigod, father of Bali
Vishnu:
a great god
a great god
Vitthal:
a Maharashtrian god
a Maharashtrian god
Vithoba:
a Maharashtrian god
a Maharashtrian god
Vivekananda:
a holy man, one of the founders of the Vedanta movement, who brought Hinduism to Chicago in 1893 CE
a holy man, one of the founders of the Vedanta movement, who brought Hinduism to Chicago in 1893 CE
Vritra:
an antigod, Indra’s great enemy, in the Vedas
an antigod, Indra’s great enemy, in the Vedas
Vyasa:
a sage, author of the
Mahabharata
and of Pandu, Dhritarashtra, and Vidura
a sage, author of the
Mahabharata
and of Pandu, Dhritarashtra, and Vidura
Xuan Zang:
Chinese visitor to India in the seventh century CE
Chinese visitor to India in the seventh century CE
Yajur Veda:
the third Veda, arranged for the sacrifice
the third Veda, arranged for the sacrifice
Yakshas, Yakshinis :
forest and tree spirits, beautiful, able to confer fertility but sometimes malicious
forest and tree spirits, beautiful, able to confer fertility but sometimes malicious
Yashoda:
the cowherd woman who adopted Krishna, in the Puranas
the cowherd woman who adopted Krishna, in the Puranas
Yavakri:
a sage who was killed because he raped a Brahmin’s wife, in the Brahmanas and the
Mahabharata
a sage who was killed because he raped a Brahmin’s wife, in the Brahmanas and the
Mahabharata
Yavanas:
“Ionians,” a Sanskrit word first for Greeks, then for any foreigners
“Ionians,” a Sanskrit word first for Greeks, then for any foreigners
yoni:
the womb, the partner of the linga
the womb, the partner of the linga
Yudhishthira:
oldest son of Pandu, begotten by Dharma
oldest son of Pandu, begotten by Dharma
Yuga:
an age, one of four periods of time in which everything degenerates
an age, one of four periods of time in which everything degenerates
zenana:
the part of a house or palace where women are secluded
the part of a house or palace where women are secluded
Zoroastrians:
members of a religion derived from the Iranian Avesta, involving the worship of fire
members of a religion derived from the Iranian Avesta, involving the worship of fire
NOTES
PREFACE: THE MAN OR THE RABBIT IN THE MOON
1
There are some good short introductions (see, in the Bibliography, Hopkins, Kinsley, Knipe), longer reference works (Flood [
Introduction
and
Companion
], Klostermaier, Michaels, Mittal, and Thursby), and books on Hinduism as it is lived today (Narayanan and Hawley). My own version of the history of the Hindus could be used as a basic textbook for a course over a fourteen-week semester: one week of introduction, one of conclusion, and two chapters a week for twelve weeks. I would recommend supplementing it with a good book on Indian history (Keay and Thapar are my favorites), a good survey (such as Flood’s or Glucklich’s), and a sourcebook (such as my
Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism
, or
Sources of Indian Tradition
[3rd ed.], or the forthcoming Norton
Anthology of World Religions
). Basham’s
The Wonder That Was India
is still unbeatable as a general introduction to the cultures of India.
There are some good short introductions (see, in the Bibliography, Hopkins, Kinsley, Knipe), longer reference works (Flood [
Introduction
and
Companion
], Klostermaier, Michaels, Mittal, and Thursby), and books on Hinduism as it is lived today (Narayanan and Hawley). My own version of the history of the Hindus could be used as a basic textbook for a course over a fourteen-week semester: one week of introduction, one of conclusion, and two chapters a week for twelve weeks. I would recommend supplementing it with a good book on Indian history (Keay and Thapar are my favorites), a good survey (such as Flood’s or Glucklich’s), and a sourcebook (such as my
Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism
, or
Sources of Indian Tradition
[3rd ed.], or the forthcoming Norton
Anthology of World Religions
). Basham’s
The Wonder That Was India
is still unbeatable as a general introduction to the cultures of India.
2
A good model is provided by Richman’s
Many Ramayanas
and
Questioning Ramayanas
, which trace the many
Ramayanas
throughout Hindu history.
A good model is provided by Richman’s
Many Ramayanas
and
Questioning Ramayanas
, which trace the many
Ramayanas
throughout Hindu history.
3
Ramanujan, “Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?”
Ramanujan, “Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?”
4
I have in mind works such as those provided by Shulman (et al.) on the Nayakas and Thapar on Somanatha.
I have in mind works such as those provided by Shulman (et al.) on the Nayakas and Thapar on Somanatha.
6
Tubb, “Barn, Ben, and Begging Bowl: Sanskrit Words and the Things in the World.”
Tubb, “Barn, Ben, and Begging Bowl: Sanskrit Words and the Things in the World.”
7
Narayana Rao, “ Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
Narayana Rao, “ Hinduism: The Untold Story.”
13
Ibid., 23.
Ibid., 23.
14
Pollock, “India in the Vernacular Millennium.”
Pollock, “India in the Vernacular Millennium.”
16
Microhistory, in the hands of a master like Carlo Ginzburg, is another way to excavate these often lost ordinary histories, but microhistory requires a thick description to which a survey such as this cannot aspire.
Microhistory, in the hands of a master like Carlo Ginzburg, is another way to excavate these often lost ordinary histories, but microhistory requires a thick description to which a survey such as this cannot aspire.
17
With apologies to William Blake: “To see a world in a grain of sand/And a heaven in a wild flower,/Hold infinity in the palm of your hand/ And eternity in an hour.”
With apologies to William Blake: “To see a world in a grain of sand/And a heaven in a wild flower,/Hold infinity in the palm of your hand/ And eternity in an hour.”
18
Schmidt, “The Origin of Ahimsa.”
Schmidt, “The Origin of Ahimsa.”
19
Ramanujan, “Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?”
Ramanujan, “Is There an Indian Way of Thinking?”
20
Shankara’s “Thousand Teachings,” 1.6 ; Mayeda 2.1.6, 212.
Shankara’s “Thousand Teachings,” 1.6 ; Mayeda 2.1.6, 212.
24
Wittgenstein,
Philosophical Investigations
, part II, paragraph xi; citing Jastrow, “The Mind’s Eye.”
Wittgenstein,
Philosophical Investigations
, part II, paragraph xi; citing Jastrow, “The Mind’s Eye.”
25
Alison Goddard,
Times Higher Education Supplement
, November 21, 2003, “Email Threats and Egg-throwing Spark Fears of Hindu Extremism,” See also Edward Rothstein, “The Scholar Who Irked the Hindu Puritains,” in “Arts and Ideas,”
New York Times
, January 31, 2005 (reprinted as “Daring to Tackle Sex in Hinduism,” in
International Herald Tribune
, February 2, 2005); William Dalrymple, “India: The War over History,”
New York Review of Books,
Vol. 52, no.6 (April 7, 2005).
Alison Goddard,
Times Higher Education Supplement
, November 21, 2003, “Email Threats and Egg-throwing Spark Fears of Hindu Extremism,” See also Edward Rothstein, “The Scholar Who Irked the Hindu Puritains,” in “Arts and Ideas,”
New York Times
, January 31, 2005 (reprinted as “Daring to Tackle Sex in Hinduism,” in
International Herald Tribune
, February 2, 2005); William Dalrymple, “India: The War over History,”
New York Review of Books,
Vol. 52, no.6 (April 7, 2005).
27
Goddard, “Email Threats.”
Goddard, “Email Threats.”
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: WORKING WITH AVAILABLE LIGHT
1
Idries Shah,
The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin
, 26. Idries Shah attributes the parable to Mulla Nasrudin.
Idries Shah,
The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin
, 26. Idries Shah attributes the parable to Mulla Nasrudin.
2
For the idea that the Europeans have taught Hindus to say that India is timeless, see Sedgwick,
Against the Modern World
.
For the idea that the Europeans have taught Hindus to say that India is timeless, see Sedgwick,
Against the Modern World
.
3
Lévi-Strauss, “Split Representation in the Art of Asia and America.”
Lévi-Strauss, “Split Representation in the Art of Asia and America.”
8
Thapar, “Imagined Religious Communities,” 77.
Thapar, “Imagined Religious Communities,” 77.
9
Mishra, “Exit Wounds,” 81.
Mishra, “Exit Wounds,” 81.
11
Burghart, “The Category of ‘Hindu,’” 264-65.
Burghart, “The Category of ‘Hindu,’” 264-65.
16
Frykenberg, “The Emergence of Modern Hinduism,” in Sontheimer and Kulke,
Hinduism Reconsidered
, 31.
Frykenberg, “The Emergence of Modern Hinduism,” in Sontheimer and Kulke,
Hinduism Reconsidered
, 31.
19
Ibid.
Ibid.
20
Brian K. Smith, “Exorcising the Transcendent,” requires six qualities out of a cluster of nine; Michaels,
Hinduism
, 20, cluster of five.
Brian K. Smith, “Exorcising the Transcendent,” requires six qualities out of a cluster of nine; Michaels,
Hinduism
, 20, cluster of five.
21
According to the 2004 Survey Report conducted by the Indian Census, 25 percent of persons aged fifteen years and above are reported to be vegetarian. But according to the 2006 the
Hindu
-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 40 percent of respondents were vegetarian (a figure that includes those who eat eggs), 55 percent of Brahmins are vegetarian, and in landlocked states such as Rajasthan and Haryana, where seafood is not available as a food source, more than 60 percent are vegetarians. Gujarat, the birthplace of Gandhi and home to a sizable Jain population, is predominantly landlocked, but only 45 percent vegetarian.
According to the 2004 Survey Report conducted by the Indian Census, 25 percent of persons aged fifteen years and above are reported to be vegetarian. But according to the 2006 the
Hindu
-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 40 percent of respondents were vegetarian (a figure that includes those who eat eggs), 55 percent of Brahmins are vegetarian, and in landlocked states such as Rajasthan and Haryana, where seafood is not available as a food source, more than 60 percent are vegetarians. Gujarat, the birthplace of Gandhi and home to a sizable Jain population, is predominantly landlocked, but only 45 percent vegetarian.
22
Wittgenstein,
Philosophical Investigations.
Wittgenstein’s method was similarly applied to Hinduism by the anthropologist Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, in “The Polythetic Network.”
Wittgenstein,
Philosophical Investigations.
Wittgenstein’s method was similarly applied to Hinduism by the anthropologist Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, in “The Polythetic Network.”
24
J. Z. Smith on center and periphery.
J. Z. Smith on center and periphery.
26
Doniger, “Hinduism by Any Other Name.”
Doniger, “Hinduism by Any Other Name.”
27
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism : The Untold Story” and “Purana as Brahminic Ideology.”
Narayana Rao, “Hinduism : The Untold Story” and “Purana as Brahminic Ideology.”
34
Hiltebeitel, “Of Camphor and Coconuts,” 28.
Hiltebeitel, “Of Camphor and Coconuts,” 28.
35
For the usefulness of the word “Hinduism,” despite its drawbacks and the subjective nature of its boundaries, see the arguments for the similarly subjective reasons for delineating the elements of a myth, in Doniger,
The Implied Spider
.
For the usefulness of the word “Hinduism,” despite its drawbacks and the subjective nature of its boundaries, see the arguments for the similarly subjective reasons for delineating the elements of a myth, in Doniger,
The Implied Spider
.
37
There are also more good books about the Mughals and the British, hot topics and topics for which there is more reliable data, than about the ancient period.
There are also more good books about the Mughals and the British, hot topics and topics for which there is more reliable data, than about the ancient period.
39
The Mimamnsa school. Julia Leslie,
The Perfect Wife
3, citing
Shabda
10.8.10.22:
praptipurvakah pratishedah bhavati
.
The Mimamnsa school. Julia Leslie,
The Perfect Wife
3, citing
Shabda
10.8.10.22:
praptipurvakah pratishedah bhavati
.
42
Ramanujan, “Towards a Counter System.”
Ramanujan, “Towards a Counter System.”
44
For this and other definitions of people beyond the Aryan pale in ancient India, see Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Origins of Heresy in Hindu Mythology” and “The Image of the Heretic in the Gupta Puranas.”
For this and other definitions of people beyond the Aryan pale in ancient India, see Doniger O’Flaherty, “The Origins of Heresy in Hindu Mythology” and “The Image of the Heretic in the Gupta Puranas.”
47
Trautmann, ibid., queried this: “It has yet to be determined why exactly India has never been self-sufficient in horses. Climate? A relative scarcity of pasture?” In a word, yes.
Trautmann, ibid., queried this: “It has yet to be determined why exactly India has never been self-sufficient in horses. Climate? A relative scarcity of pasture?” In a word, yes.
48
Gommans, “The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,” 70-73.
Gommans, “The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire,” 70-73.
50
Doniger, “Pluralism and Intolerance in Hinduism”; “Hindu Pluralism and Hindu Intolerance of the Other”; “Tolstoi’s Revenge”; “Do Many Heads Necessarily Have Many Minds?”
Doniger, “Pluralism and Intolerance in Hinduism”; “Hindu Pluralism and Hindu Intolerance of the Other”; “Tolstoi’s Revenge”; “Do Many Heads Necessarily Have Many Minds?”
56
Orr, “Identity and Divinity.”
Orr, “Identity and Divinity.”
57
Stewart, “Satya Pír: Muslim Holy Man and Hindu God,” 578.
Stewart, “Satya Pír: Muslim Holy Man and Hindu God,” 578.
58
Katherine Ulrich’s wonderful term.
Katherine Ulrich’s wonderful term.
59
Doniger, “The Origins of Heresy.”
Doniger, “The Origins of Heresy.”
61
Joh
, Heart of the Cross
, 53-55; Bhabha,
The Location of Culture
7, 277, 168-69, 256, 19, 296, 360, 240, 322.
Joh
, Heart of the Cross
, 53-55; Bhabha,
The Location of Culture
7, 277, 168-69, 256, 19, 296, 360, 240, 322.
62
This phrase is Kristin Bloomer’s.
This phrase is Kristin Bloomer’s.
63
Pangborn,
Zoroastrianism: A Beleaguered Faith
, 8; “Sugar in the Milk: A Parsi Kitchen Story,” NPR, March 20, 2008:
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88505980 & sc=emaf.
Pangborn,
Zoroastrianism: A Beleaguered Faith
, 8; “Sugar in the Milk: A Parsi Kitchen Story,” NPR, March 20, 2008:
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88505980 & sc=emaf.
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