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———.
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PHOTO CREDITS

Jacket:
The jacket image reproduces a contemporary
mural from Puri, in Orissa, serigraphed on recycled
handmade paper, by Santi Arts, India
(
www.santiarts.com
), who have kindly given us
permission to reprint it here. It depicts the god
Krishna riding on a horse composed of the cowherd
women who love him.

 

 

p. xviii.
J. Jastrow, “The Mind’s Eye,”
Popular
Science Monthly
54 (1899), 299.
p. 22.
Courtesy of Dr. Vandana Sinha, Director
(Academic), Center for Art & Archaeology, American
Institute of Indian Studies.
p. 65.
Courtesy of
Harappa.com
. Seal held at the
National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi. Originally
printed in John Hubert Marshall,
Mohenjo-daro
and the Indus civilization
(1931).

p. 73.
Copyright Harappa Archaeological Research
Project, Courtesy Department of Archaeology and
Museums, Government of Pakistan, and Harappa
.com.
p. 79.
Courtesy of the National Museum of India
and Greg Possehl.
p. 84.
Courtesy of Frederick Asher.
p. 346.
Courtesy of Carmel Berkson.
p. 441.
Courtesy of Carmel Berkson.
p. 682.
Courtesy of Stephen Inglis.
p. 683.
Courtesy of Stephen Inglis.
p. 686.
Painting by Dulari Devi, Ranti, Madhubani,
Bihar, in the collection of Susan S. Wadley. I
am grateful to Dulari Devi, Susan S. Wadley, and
David Szanton for permission to reproduce it here.

 

Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint selections from the following copyrighted works:

Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism
by Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty (University of Chicago Press, 1990). Selection translated by David Shulman. By permission of Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty and David Shulman.

Speaking of Siva,
translated with an introduction by A. K. Ramanujan (Penguin Classics, 1973). Copyright © A. K. Ramanujan, 1973. By permission of Penguin Books Ltd, London.

Songs of Experience: The Poetics of Tamil Devotion
by Norman Cutler. Copyright © 1987 by Norman Cutler. Reprinted with permission of Indiana University Press.

Hymns for the Drowning: Poems for Visnu by Nammalvar,
translated by A. K. Ramanujan (Princeton University Press, 1981). By permission of Molly A. Daniels Ramanujan.

“From Classicism to Bhakti” by A. K. Ramanujan and Norman Cutler from
The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan,
edited by Vinay Dharwadker. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.

The Bijak of Kabir,
translated by Linda Hess (Oxford University Press, 2002). By permission of Linda Hess.

Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram,
translated by Dilip Chitre (Penguin India, 1991). By permission of Dilip Chitre.

Songs of the Saints of India
by John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.

Three Bhakti Voices: Mirabai, Surdas and Kabir in Their Times and Ours
by John Stratton Hawley. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press India, New Delhi.

When God Is A Customer: Telugu Courtesan Songs by Ksetrayya and Others,
edited and translated by A. K. Ramanujan, Narayana Rao and David Shulman. © 1994 Regents of the University of California. Published by the University of California Press. By permission of the publisher.

Dalit Vision
by Gail Omvedt. © Orient Blackswan Pvt, India. By permission of Orient Blackswan.

An Anthology of Dalit Literature
by Mulk Raj Anand and Eleanor Zelliot (Gyan Publishing House, 1992). Selection translated by Jayant Karve and Eleanor Zelliot. By permission of Eleanor Zelliot.

Vidrohi Kavita,
edited by Keshav Meshram (Continental Prakashan, 1987). Selection translated by Gauri Deshpande and others. By permission of Eleanor Zelliot.

INDEX

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

Abhimanyu (son of Arjuna)

Abhinavagupta (philosopher)

abortion

Abraham, Prophet

Abstract of the Arguments Regarding the Burning of Widows Considered as a Religious Rite
(Roy)

Abu al-Malik ‘Isami

accidental grace

dogs’ role in

hate-devotion doctrine and

in Puranas

Tantric ritual and

undeserving devotee theme and

addiction(s)

control of

four major

in
Kama-sutra

Manu and

in Mughal Empire

renunciation and

in
Rig Veda

in
shastras

in Upanishads

women and

Adharma (antonym of Dharma)

Adi (antigod)

Aditi (goddess of infinity)

Adivasis (tribals)

Devi movement and

Advaita (nondualism)

Advani. K.

Afghanistan

agamas
(texts)

Agastya (sage)

Age of the Trey (Treta Yuga)

Age of Truth (Satya Yuga)

Aghorashiva (philosophy)

Aghoris (sect)

Agni (god)

in
Rig Veda

Ahalya (adultress)

Ahalyabhai, Queen

ahimsa
(nonviolence)

Ahura Mazda (Avestian god)

Aims of Life

dharma and

diversity among texts of

idea of triads and

Kama-sutra
and

moksha
and

as quartet

rebirth and

renunciation and

Ajatashatru, king of Kashi

Ajivikas (sect of renouncers)

akam
Tamil love poetry

Akbar, Mughal emperor

nonviolence vows of

pluralism of

reign of

Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) (All-India Students’ Council)

Alcoholics Anonymous

Alexander III (the Great), king of Macedonia

Allah

Allen, Woody

All India Handicrafts Board

All-India Students’ Council (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad) (ABVP)

All’s Well That Ends Well
(Shakespeare)

Alvars (Tamil Vaishnava saints)

Amaravati, stupa of

Amar Chitra Katha
(comic book)

Amba, Princess

Ambalika, Princess

Ambar, Malik

Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji

Ambika (Little Mother, goddess)

Ambika, Princess

American Hindus Against Defamation

Ammaiyar, Karaikkal

Amritsar massacre

Anandamath
(“The Mission House”) (Chatterji)

Angadi synagogue

Animal Farm
(Orwell)

animals

on Ashoka’s stone edicts

in Bhimbetka cave paintings

domestic

“helpful”

in IVC culture

in
Mahabharata

Manu and

in Puranas

in
Ramayana

sacrifice of,
see
sacrifice

Sanskrit and

in
shastras

Tantras and

in Upanishads

Vedic people and

as vehicles for gods

Annamayya (poet)

Annapurna (goddess)

Antal (Tamil saint)

antigods (Asuras)

good and evil

Vishnu-Brahma myth and

Antony and Cleopatra
(Shakespeare)

Antyajas (tribal caste)

Apala (Vedic woman poet)

Apararka (commentator)

Apasadas (Low and Excluded caste)

Appar (saint)

Apsarases (nymphs)

Aquaviva, Father

Aranyakas (Jungle Books)

Archaeological Survey of India

Archer, Mildred

Archer, William

Archimedes

Arctic Home in the Vedas, The
(Tilak)

Ardhanarishvara (Shiva as androgyne)

Aristophanes

Arjan (Sikh guru)

Arjuna (warrior)

in
Bhagavad Gita

see also
Pandavas

Arnold, Edwin

caste in

homosexuality in

marriage debate in

Arya (Vedic “noble”)

Aryabhata (astronomer)

Aryans

Nazis and

Arya Samaj

reconversion ceremony of

Ashoka, Mauryan emperor

animals and

Buddhism and

edicts of

myths of

pilgrimage tradition and

Ashvaghosha (poet)

Ashva-shastra
(textbook of horses)

Ashvins (equine gods)

Asiatic Society of Bengal

Asoka
(film)

Asuras,
see
antigods

Asuri (female antigod)

atman

Auden, W. H.

Augustine, Saint

Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor

Australia