The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years (48 page)

121
. M. A. Farid, “The Malaria Programme: From Euphoria to Anarchy,”
World Health Forum
1, no. 1 (1980): 8–33.

122
. Farley,
To Cast Out Disease
, 277.

123
. Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease
, 147.

124
. Farley,
To Cast Out Disease
, 273, citing T. Poleman, “World Food: A Perspective,”
Science
188 (1975): 510–28, and Kingsley Davis, “The Population Specter: Rapidly Declining Death Rate in Densely Populated Countries,”
American Economic Review
46 (1956): 305–18.

125
. Williams,
The Plague Killers
, 181.

126
. Russell,
Man’s Mastery of Malaria
, 246.

127
. Ware and Whitacre,
The Pesticide Book
; “Toxicological Profile for DDT, DDE, and DDD,” Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, 2002; International Programme on Chemical Safety, “Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors.”

128
. “Conservation: The Menace of DDT,”
New York Times
, March 1, 1959.

129
. “Farmers Warned on DDT,”
New York Times
, May 25, 1947.

130
. Plumb, “Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane.”

131
. Ralph H. Lutts, “Chemical Fallout:
Silent Spring
, Radioactive Fallout, and the Environmental Movement,” in Craig Waddell, ed.,
And No Birds Sing: Rhetorical Analyses of Rachel Carson’s
Silent Spring (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000), 24.

132
. Terence Kehoe and Charles Jacobson, “Environmental Decision Making and DDT Production at Montrose Chemical Corporation of California,”
Enterprise and Society
4, no. 4 (2003); “U.S. Seeks to Keep Milk Free of DDT,”
New York Times
, April 23, 1949.

133
. Bosso,
Pesticides and Politics
, 122–23.

134
. Webb,
Humanity’s Burden
, 172.

135
. Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease
, 169.

136
. Weller, “World Health in a Changing World,” 54–61.

137
. Spielman and D’Antonio,
Mosquito
, 173.

138
. Harrison,
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Man
, 248, 253.

139
. L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, “Resurgence of Malaria and Its Control,”
Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
77, suppl. (April 1974): 62–66.

140
. Ibid.

141
. Socrates Litsios,
The Tomorrow of Malaria
(Wellington, New Zealand: Pacific Press, 1996), 101.

142
. Harrison,
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Man
, 257.

143
. Jonathan A. Leonard, “Malaria Strikes Back: A ‘Dying’ Disease Kills Again,”
Chicago Tribune
, August 15, 1979.

144
. Nájera, “Malaria and the Work of the WHO,” 229–43.

145
. Alan Riding, “Malaria Spreading in Central America as Resistance to Sprays Grows,”
New York Times
, August 23, 1977.

146
. Spielman and D’Antonio,
Mosquito
, 172.

147. Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease
, 174.

148. Historical currency conversion from 1960 dollars to 2009 dollars calculated with
www.futureboy.homeip.net/fsp/dollar.fsp?quantity=7¤cy=dollars&fromYear=1960
.

149
. José Nájera, “Malaria: New Patterns and Perspectives,” World Bank Technical Paper Number 183 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992).

150
. Harrison,
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Man
, 296.

151
. Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease
, 159.

152
. Nájera, “Malaria: New Patterns and Perspectives.”

 
153
. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Outwitted by Malaria, Desperate Doctors Seek New Remedies,”
New York Times
, February 12, 1991.

154
. Walther H. Wernsdorfer, “Epidemiology of Drug Resistance in Malaria,”
Acta Tropica
56 (1994): 143–56.

155
. Harrison,
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Man
, 295.

156
.
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/
.

157
. Andrew Spielman et al., “Time Limitation and the Role of Research in the Worldwide Attempt to Eradicate Malaria,”
Journal of Medical Entomology
30, no. 1 ( January 1993): 6–19.

158
. Sambasivan, “Roundtable Discussion: WHO’s Passive Role,” 8–33.

159
. Georgann Chapin and Robert Wasserstrom, “Agricultural Production and Malaria Resurgence in Central America and India,”
Nature
293 (September 17, 1981): 181–85.

160
. Andrew Spielman, lecture at Harvard University, March 2, 2006.

161
. A. P. Ray, “Roundtable Discussion: Warning Should Be Heeded,”
World Health Forum
1, nos. 1, 2 (1980): 8–33.

162
. Paul F. Russell, “Roundtable Discussion: Goal of Eradication Must Be Maintained,”
World Health Forum
1, nos. 1, 2 (1980): 8–33.

163
. Robert H. Black, “Roundtable Discussion: Farid Is Right,”
World Health Forum
1, nos. 1, 2 (1980): 8–33.

164
. Email correspondence with Donald Roberts, April 4, 2006.

   
1
. Jason L. Riley, “Malaria’s Toll,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 21, 2006.

   
2
. M. J. Dobson et al., “Malaria Control in East Africa: The Kampala Conference and the Pare-Taveta Scheme: A Meeting of Common and High Ground,”
Parassitologia
42 (2000): 149–166.

   
3
. Interview with Amir Attaran, February 9, 2006; Andrew Spielman and Michael D’Antonio,
Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe
(New York: Hyperion, 2001), 166.

   
4
. Quoted in Jeffery Sachs,
The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time
(New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 190.

   
5
. Meredith Fort, Mary Anne Mercer, Oscar Gish, eds.,
Sickness and Wealth: The Corporate Assault on Global Health
(Cambridge, Mass.: South End Press, 2004), 205, and Jim Yong Kim, Joyce V. Millen, Alec Irwin, and John Gershman, eds.,
Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor
(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 2000), 143.

   
6
. Sarah Sexton, “Trading Health Care Away? GATS, Public Services and Privatization,” Corner House briefing 23, July 2001.

   
7
. Badria Babiker El Sayed, et al., “A Study of the Urban Malaria Transmission Problem in Khartoum,”
Acta Tropica
75 (2000): 163–71.

   
8
. Socrates Litsios,
The Tomorrow of Malaria
(Wellington, N.Z.: Pacific Press, 1996), 127.

   
9
.
www.un.org/esa/population/publications/adultmort/
UNAIDS_WHOPaper2.pdf
.

 
10
. Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al., “Dual Infection with HIV and Malaria Fuels the Spread of Both Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa,”
Science
314, no. 5805 (December 8, 2006): 1603–606.

 
11
. Randall Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease: A Short History of Malaria
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 217.

 
12
. H. Kristian Heggenhougen et al.,
The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control
(World Health Organization, 2003), 87.

 
13
. Press Release, “Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland Elected Director-General of the World Health Organization,” May 15, 1998.

 
14
. Mark Grabowsky, “The Billion-Dollar Malaria Moment,”
Nature
451 (February 28, 2008): 1051–52.

 
15
. Jenny Anderson, “Fighting a Disease of Logistics, He Means Business,”
New York Times
, November 12, 2007.

 
16
. Juhie Bhatia, “Twitter Face-off to Fight Malaria,” Global Voices Online, April 20, 2009,
www.globalvoicesonline.org/2009/04/20/global-health-twitter-face-off-to-fight-malaria/
.

 
17
. See
www.americanidol.com/idolgivesback/
.

 
18
. Mark Honigsbaum, “Net Effects,”
The Guardian
, April 24, 2007.

 
19
. Donald G. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net Is Making Charity Cool,”
New York Times
, June 2, 2008.

 
20
. Suzanne Malveaux, “‘Idol’ Star Boosts First Lady’s Anti-malaria Event in Africa,”
CNN.com
, July 3, 2007.

 
21
. Packard,
The Making of a Tropical Disease
, 223.

 
22
. Rosanne Skirble, “Economic Downturn Threatens Global Fund for AIDS, TB, Malaria,”
VOANews.com
, February 4, 2009.

 
23
. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net.”

 
24
. Beth Gorham, “Belinda Stronach Joins Heavyweights at Washington Gathering on Malaria,” Canadian Press, December 13, 2006.

 
25
. Malveaux, “‘Idol’ Star Boosts First Lady’s Anti-malaria Event in Africa.”

 
26
. McNeil, “A $10 Mosquito Net.”

 
27
. 2008 Millennium Development Goals Malaria Summit, September 25, 2008, New York. Video footage at
www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/malaria-summit.asp
.

 
28
. Quoted in L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, “Paleogenesis and Paleo-epidemiology of Primate Malaria,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
32 (1965): 376.

 
29
. Ronald Ross,
Memoirs
(London: John Murray, 1928), 448.

 
30
. Lewis W. Hackett,
Malaria in Europe: An Ecological Study
(London: Oxford University Press, 1937), 294.

 
31
. M. Eveillard et al., “Measurement and Interpretation of Hand Hygiene Compliance Rates: Importance of Monitoring Entire Care Episodes,”
Journal of Hospital Infection
72, no. 3 (May 28, 2009): 211–17.

 
32
. Heggenhougen et al.,
The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control
, 87, 102.

 
33
. “Information Gap Challenges Zanzibar’s Antimalaria Campaign,”
AllAfrica.com
, May 12, 2006.

 
34
. Heggenhougen et al.,
The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control
, 94–95.

 
35
. Philip Adongo, “How Local Community Knowledge About Malaria Affects Insecticide-Treated Net Use in Northern Ghana,” November 15, 2005; and Soori Nnko, “Public Health Campaigns’ Dilemma: Field Experience About Malaria Control in a Rural Setting, North-western Tanzania,” November 15, 2005.

 
36
. Anna Ingwafa, “Kamwi Warns on Abuse of Mosquito Nets,”
AllAfrica.com
, March 13, 2008.

 
37
. Heggenhougen et al.,
The Behavioural and Social Aspects of Malaria and Its Control
, 103.