The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years (49 page)

 
38
. Koremromp El et al., “Monitoring Mosquito Net Coverage for Malaria Control in Africa: Possession vs. Use by Children Under 5 Years,”
Tropical Medicine and International Health
8, no. 8 (August 2003): 693–703.

 
39
. William Takken, “Do Insecticide-treated Bednets Have an Effect on Malaria Vectors?”
Tropical Medicine and International Health
7, no. 12 (December 2002): 1022–30.

 
40
. “Pyrethrins: Bright Signs After Washout Last Year,”
Chemical Week
, January 17, 1979, 42.

 
41
. F. Chandre et al., “Status of Pyrethroid Resistance in
Anopheles gambiae
Sensu Lato,”
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
77, no. 3 (1999); interview with John Thomas, December 12, 2005; and interview with Willem Takken, November 14, 2005; also David Firn, “How Syngenta Went Against the Grain and Grew,”
Financial Times
, February 19, 2004, 10.

 
42
. Abdoulaye Diabate et al., “The Role of Agricultural Use of Insecticides in Resistance to Pyrethroids in
Anopheles gambiae
s.l. in Burkina Faso,”
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
67, no. 6 (2002): 617–22.

 
43
. Morteza Zaim and Pierre Guillet, “Alternative Insecticides: An Urgent Need,”
Trends in Parasitology
18, no. 4 (April 2002): 161; Chandre et al., “Status of Pyrethroid Resistance in
Anopheles gambiae
Sensu Lato.”

 
44
. Josiane Etang, Fourth MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference, November 2005, Yaoundé, Cameroon; also author correspondence with Josiane Etang, November 23, 2005.

 
45
.
www.politico.com/news/stories/0309/20160.html
.

 
46
. Oliver Sabot, “Getting to Zero: A New Global Malaria Control and Elimination Strategy,” First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria: Lessons of the Past and Future Prospects,” November 7–9, 2008, New Haven, Conn.

 
47
. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”

 
48
. Andrew Spielman lecture, Harvard University, March 2, 2006.

 
49
. Awash Teklehaimanot et al., “Coming to Grips with Malaria in the New Millennium,”
UN Millennium Project Task Force on HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB and Access to Essential Medicines Working Group on Malaria, 2005, 6.

 
50
. Laura Blue, “Global Malaria Estimates Are Reduced,”
Time.com
, September 18, 2008.

 
51
. See
www.unicef.org/statistics/index_24302.html
.

 
52
. Andrew Spielman lecture, Harvard University, March 2, 2006.

 
53
. M. Ettling et al., “Economic Impact of Malaria in Malawian Households,”
Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
45 (1994): 74–79.

 
54
. Jeffery Sachs, “Power of One: The $10 Solution,”
Time
, January 4, 2007.

 
55
. Sonia Shah,
Crude: The Story of Oil
(New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), 53.

 
56
. Sebastian Junger, “Enter China, the Giant,”
Vanity Fair
, July 2007, 126–38.

 
57
. Christine Gorman, “Marathon Fights Malaria,”
Time
, August 20, 2006.

 
58
. Andrew Spielman et al., “Industrial Anti-Malaria Policies,” Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 2002.

 
59
. Sharon LaFraniere, “Business Joins African Effort to Cut Malaria,”
New York Times
, June 29, 2006.

 
60
. Ibid.

 
61
. See
www.marathon.com/Social_Responsibility/Making_a_Difference/
Malaria_Control_Project/
.

 
62
. Ibid.

 
63
. “We’re Making Sure Children Have a Future. And Malaria Doesn’t,” Advertisement, Marathon Oil,
New York Times
, April 25, 2007.

 
64
. Eric Rezsnyak, “‘American Idol’ 2009: The Judges Choose to Go Insane,”
Rochester City Newspaper
, May 12, 2009.

 
65
. Shah,
Crude
, 157.

 
66
. Sachs, “Power of One.”

 
67
. Michael Fletcher, “Bush Has Tripled Aid to Africa,”
Washington Post
, December 31, 2006.

 
68
. Roger Bate, “The Rise, Fall, Rise and Imminent Fall of DDT,”
Health Policy Outlook
, November 2007.

 
69
. Kirsten Weir, “Rachel Carson’s Birthday Bashing,”
Salon.com
, June 29, 2007.

 
70
. Interview with Tom McCutchan, October 9, 2008.

 
71
. Jason L. Riley, “Malaria’s Toll,”
Wall Street Journal
, August 21, 2006.

 
72
. Kirsten Weir, “Rachel Carson’s Birthday Bashing.”

 
73
. “Bush Announces Initiative to Fight Malaria in Africa,” press release, June 30, 2005.

 
74
. Interview with Chris Hentschel, October 16, 2008.

 
75
. Roger Bate, “Funding Isn’t Everything,”
The American
, February 28, 2008.

 
76
. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”

 
77
. World Health Organization, “Report of the Technical Expert Group (TEG) Meeting on Intermittent Preventive Therapy in Infancy (IPTI),” October 8–10, 2007.

 
78
. Comments by Brian Greenwood, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”

 
79
. “Assessment of the Role of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria in Infants: Letter Report,” Committee on the Perspectives on the Role of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria in Infants, 2008.

 
80
. Donald G. McNeil, “An Iron Fist Joins the Malaria Wars,”
New York Times
, June 27, 2006.

 
81
. Donald G. McNeil, “Gates Foundation’s Influence Criticized,”
New York Times
, February 16, 2008.

 
82
. Comments by Brian Greenwood, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria”; also interview with Robert Ridley, December 11, 2008.

 
83
. First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”

 
84
. Interview with Chris Hentschel, October 16, 2008.

 
85
. “Eradicate Malaria? Doubters Fuel Debate,”
New York Times
, March 4, 2008.

 
86
. Tom Paulson, “WHO Chief Joins Gateses’ Call to Eradicate Malaria,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, October 17, 2007.

 
87
. Richard G. A. Feachem and Allison A. Phillips, “Malaria: 2 Years in the Fast Lane,”
The Lancet
373, no. 9673 (April 2009): 1409–11.

 
88
. 2008 Millennium Development Goals Malaria Summit, September 25, 2008, New York. Video footage at
www.dfid.gov.uk/news/files/malaria-summit.asp
.

 
89
. A. Bosman and K. N. Mendis, “A Major Transition in Malaria Treatment: The Adoption and Deployment of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies,”
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
77, suppl. (December 2007): 193–97.

 
90
. Abdisalan M. Noor et al., “Insecticide-treated Net Coverage in Africa: Mapping Progress in 2000–07,”
The Lancet
373, no. 9657 (November 28, 2008): 58–67.

 
91
. Interview with Thomas Ritchie, First Yale International Symposium, “The Global Crisis of Malaria.”

 
92
. Dagi Kimani, “Coartem Under Fire as $8 Million Stocks Arrive,”
The East African
, May 29, 2006.

 
93
. Interview with Edugie Abebe, Fourth MIM Pan-African Malaria Conference, November 15, 2005, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

 
94
. Socrates Litsios, “Malaria and International Health Organizations,” prepared for “Philanthropic Foundations and the Globalization of Scientific Medicine,” Quinnipiac University, November 6–18, 2003.

 
95
. Miriam K. Laufer et al., “Return of Chloroquine Antimalarial Efficacy in Malawi,”
New England Journal of Medicine
355, no. 19 (November 9, 2006): 1959–65.

 
96
. Interview with Tom McCutchan, October 9, 2008.

 
97
. “Monkey Malaria More Widespread in Humans: Study,” Reuters, January 18, 2008.

 
98
. Interview with Vicente Bayard, Gorgas Institute, April 21, 2006.

 
99
. See
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&control05Maps.htm
and
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/
surv&controlCaseCount08_detailed.htm
.

100
. Sonja Mali et al., “Malaria Surveillance—United States, 2007,”
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
58, no. 55-2 (April 17, 2009).

101
. See
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol2no1/zuckerei.htm
.

102
. B. Doudier et al., “Possible Autochthonous Malaria from Marseille to Minneapolis,”
Emerging Infectious Diseases
13, no. 8 (August 2007): 1236–38; and A. Krüger et al., “Two Cases of Autochthonous
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria in Germany with Evidence for Local Transmission by Indigenous
Anopheles plumbeus
,”
Tropical Medicine and International Health
6, no. 12 (December 2001): 983–85.

Most every malariologist I approached in connection with this book was patient, generous, and forthright. Among them, Terrie Taylor in Malawi, José Calzada in Panama City, and the late Andy Spielman of Harvard University were especially so. I thank them heartily. For their enthusiastic research assistance, thanks to Peter Ross, Lukas Rieppel, Mónica García, Emily Tucker, and Annie Jack; for early financial assistance, the Nation Institute and the Puffin Foundation; for their tips and their support, Carolyn and David Bulmer, Loie Hayes and Julie Ogletree, Darwin Marcus Johnson, Brian King, Hasmukh and Hansa Shah, and Susy Wasiak.

Much gratitude goes to Sarah Crichton, whose editorial acumen greatly improved this book, and to the malaria experts Wallace Peters, Prabhjot Singh, Malcolm Molyneux, and Arba Ager, who generously helped improve its accuracy. And to my agents, Charlotte Sheedy and Anthony Arnove, who supported this book from the beginning. Without them, it would not have been written.

Finally, I thank Mark, Zakir, and Kush Bulmer for sustaining me through years of researching and writing about malaria, suffering many mosquito bites along the way.

The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

Ackerknecht, Erwin

Adongo, Philip

Adrian VI, Pope

Aedes
mosquitoes;
A. aegypti

Afghanistan

Africa Fighting Malaria

African slaves

Agency for International Development, U.S. (USAID)

agriculture; in Africa; drainage of wetlands for; in India; in Italy; pesticide use in