The Fall of Carthage (83 page)

Authors: Adrian Goldsworthy

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BOOK: The Fall of Carthage

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206 L. Veturius Philo Q. Caecilius Metellus

Aetolians make peace with Philip V; Scipio wins decisive victory at Ilipa and later suppresses Caecilius Metellus rebellion by Spanish tribes.

205 P. Cornelius Scipio P. Licinius Crassus Dives

End of First Macedonian War; Scipio prepares invasion of Africa; more Roman raids on African coast; Locri captured and Pleminius scandal; Mago invades Italy.

204 M. Cornelius Cethegus P. Sempronius Tuditanus

Invasion of Africa.

203 Cn. Servilius Caepio C. Servilius Geminus

Scipio destroys enemy winter camps and wins victory at Great Plains; Hannibal and Mago recalled.

202 Ti. Claudius Nero

Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama.

201 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus P. Aelius Paetus

Peace formally concluded; end of Second Punic War.

200 P. Sulpicius Galba Maximus (II) C. Aurelius Cotta

heavy fighting in Cisalpine Gaul. Start of Second Macedonian War;

199 L. Cornelius Lentulus P. Villius Tappulus

198 T. Quinctius Flamininus Sex. Aelius Paetus Catus

197 C. Cornelius Cethegus Q. Minucius Rufus

Cethegus wins major victory over Insubres. Flamininus defeats Philip V at Cynoscephalae and ends Second Macedonian War; rebellion in Spain.

196 L. Furius Pupureo M. Claudius Marcellus

Marcellus defeats Insubres; Hannibal elected suffete

195 L. Valerius Flaccus M. Porcius Cato

Hannibal exiled; Cato campaigns in Spain, winning a major battle at Emporion.

194 P. Cornelius Scipio (II) Ti. Sempronius Longus

Victory over Lusitanian tribes, but war continues.

193 L. Cornelius Merula Q. Minucius Thermus

192 L. Quinctius Flamininus Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus

Beginning of Syrian War with Antiochus III.

191 P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica M. Acilius Glabrio

Antiochus III defeated by Romans at Thermopylae; Scipio defeats Boii in Cisalpine Gaul.

190 L. Cornelius Scipio C. Laelius

Seleucid fleet led by Hannibal defeated.

189 Cn. Manlius Vulso M. Furius Nobilior

Antiochus III defeated by L. Scipio at Magnesia, brings the Syrian War to an end; Vulso attacks the Galatians.

188 M. Valerius Messalla C. Livius Salinator

187 M. Aemilius Lepidus C. Flaminius

Beginning of attacks on Scipios;
Via Aemilia
and
Via Flaminia
constructed in northern Italy.

186 Sp. Postumius Albinus Q. Marcius Philippus

Philippus defeated by Ligurians.

185 Ap. Claudius Pulcher M. Sempronius Tuditanus

184 P. Claudius Pulcher L. Porcius Licinus

Exile of Scipio Africanus; Cato's censorship. Death of Scipio Africanus.

183 Q. Fabius Labeo M. Claudius Marcellus

182 L. Aernilius Paullus Cn. Baebius Tamphilus

181 P. Cornelius Cethegus M. Baebius Tamphilus

Major rebellion by Celtiberian tribes.

180 A. Postumius Albinus Luscus C. Calpurnius Piso

179 L. Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus Q. Furius Flaccus

Celtiberians defeated.

178 A. Manlius Vulso M. Junius Brutus

177 C. Claudius Pulcher Ti. Sempronius Gracchus

176 Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispallus Q. Petillius Spurinus

175 M. Aemilius Lepidus (II) P. Murcius Scaevola

174 Sp. Postumius Albinus Paullulus Q. Murcius Scaevola

173 L. Postumius Albinus M. Popillius Laenas

172 P. Aelius Ligus C. Popillius Laenas

Both consuls plebeian for the first time; start of Third Macedonian War.

171 P. Licinius Crassus C. Cassius Longinus

170 A. Atilius Serranus A. Hostilius Mancinus

169 Cn. Sevilius Caepio Q. Marcius Philippus (II)

168 L. Aemilius Paullus (II) C. Licinius Crassus

167 Q. Aelius Paetus M. Junius Pennus

Perseus defeated at Pydna, ending the Third Macedonian War; Kingdom of Macedon dissolved.

166 C. Sulpicius Gallus M. Claudius Marcellus

165 T. Manlius Torquatus Cn. Octavius

164 A. Manlius Torquatus Q. Cassius Longinus

163 Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (II) M. Iuventius Thalna

162 P. Cornelius Lentulus Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus

161 M. Valerius Messalla C. Fannius Strabo

160 M. Cornelius Cethegus L. Anicius Gallus

159 Cn. Cornelius Dolabella M. Furius Nobilior

158 M. Aemilius Lepidus C. Popillius Laenas (II)

157 Sex. Julius Caesar L. Aurelius Orestes

156 L. Cornelius Lentulus Lupus C. Marcius Figulus

155 P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica M. Claudius Marcellus (II)

154 L. Postumius Albinus M. Acilius Glabrio -
suff.

Victory over Ligurians; major war begins in Lusitania.

153 Q. Fulvius Nobilior T. Annius Luscus

Major rebellion by Celtiberians.

152 L. Valerius Flaccus M. Claudius Marcellus (III)

151 A. Postumius Albinus L. Licinius Lucullus

Carthage declares war on Masinissa.

150 T. Quinctius Flamininus M. Acilius Balbus

149 L. Marcius Censorinus M. Manilius

Start of Third Punic War; campaign begins with Roman failures; Andriscus invades Macedonia

148 Sp. Postumius Albinus Magnus L.Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus

Poor performance of Roman army in Africa continues.

147 P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus C. Livius Drusus

Scipio given African command and tightens siege of Carthage.

146 Cn. Cornelius Lentulus L. Mummius

Capture and destruction of Carthage; end of Third Punic War.

APPENDIX I

The Republican Political System

The Magistrates

CENSORS

Two hold office for five years. Role: to carry out the census, the revision of the roll of citizens, also review membership of the senate, admit and expel senators.

CONSULS

Two a year - senior executive officers of the state. Role: to preside over senate and assemblies when in Rome, govern provinces and lead armies abroad to fight all major wars.

PRAETORS

Initially one (four a year from 227; six a year from 197 with need to organize Spanish provinces). Role: primarily judicial and to govern provinces lead armies not led by the consuls.

AEDILES

Four a year (two curule, two plebeian) Role: municipal administration, organization of corn supplies and festivals etc.

TRIBUNES OF THE PLEBS

Ten a year. No patrician allowed to hold the office. Role: to preside over
concilium plebis.

QUAESTORS

Number gradually rises to ten a year. Role: financial administration at Rome and in the provinces.

The Senate

Membership around 300, regulated by the censors. Members had to be from the 18 senior equestrian centuries - therefore property of at least 400,000 HS. (one HS=100 sesterces, the silver coin that was the basic currency before the introduction of the denarius during the Second Punic War) They had little formal power, but were there to advise the magistrates, especially the consuls. Also received foreign embassies. Considerable prestige from the
auctoritas
of its ex-magistrates and exercised much power, influence because of its permanence.

The Assemblies

1 CONCILIUM PLEBIS

Only plebeians allowed to attend - divided into 35 tribes (4 urban, 31 rural) -membership based on ancestry - presided over by a Tribune of the plebs.

FUNCTION
(a) Election of the ten tribunes of the plebs and the plebeian aediles+ special commissioners, (b) Passing Legislation.

2 COMITIA TRIBUTA

Made up of citizens including patricians - divided into 35 tribes (4 urban, 31 rural). Membership based on ancestry. Presided over by a consul, praetor or curule aedile.

FUNCTION
(a) Election of curule aediles, quaestors, + special cornmissioners. (b) Passing Legislation.

3 COMITIA CENTURIATA

Made up of citizens - divided into 193 voting centuries. Originally derived from military organization of citizen militia. Membership of the group was based on possession of a standard of equipment. Eighteen equestrian cavalry centuries at the top (
equites equo publico
- able to claim a horse paid for by the state). Had come to be based on property qualification. Those better equipped wealthier voted first. Also had fewer members in their centuries - therefore had a disproportionate influence on voting. Presided over by a consul or praetor.

FUNCTION
(a) Election of consuls, praetors and censors, (b) Declarations of War and ratification of Peace Treaties. Some legislation.

Index

Abilyx 249

Achaean League 254-5, 259, 356

Adherbal 120-1

Adys 85-7, 131

Aegates Islands 117, 122-6

Aemilius Papus, Lucius 139

Aetolian League 254-5, 257-9, 318

Africa

Carthaginian conquest of 28-30 First Punic War 84-92, 110-11, 131

Mercenary War 133-6 Second Punic War 245, 286-309 Agathocles, Tyrant of Syracuse 28, 31, 65, 86

Agrigentum 76-81, 85, 97, 264, 266, 267

Alexander the Great, King of Macedon 54

Alimentus, Cincius 23, 216-17

Allobroges 163-5, 169

Alps 163-6

Altinus, Dasius 228

Andobales
see
Indibilis

Andriscus 346, 356

Anicius, Marcus 225

Antiochus III, King of Syria 147, 317,

319, 321, 323, 326-7, 331 Apennine Mountains 182, 184-5,

192, 193 Apollonia 255, 257, 259

Appian 22-3, 24 Second Punic War 154, 251, 269, 302

Third Punic War 335, 336, 340, 347, 348, 352 Apulia 220

Archimedes 14-15, 106, 263, 266 Ariminum (Rimini) 173, 182, 183, 191

Ariston of Tyre 331-2 armies

Carthage 30-6, 83-4, 153-5,

167-8, 178, 316

Hellenistic 318-19

Macedonia 258-9

Rome 44-54, 84,177-8, 219,

226-9, 312, 315-16, 358-62 Arpi 228-9, 233 Arretium 182, 184 Aspis (Clupea) 84, 90, 115, 346 Athens 98, 101, 102, 317 Atilius Caiatinus, Aulus 116, 131-2 Atilius Serranus, Gaius 152 Augustus 360-1 Autariatus 134

Baecula, Battle of (208 BC) 277-9 Baetica 279

Balearic slingers 153, 154, 179, 187, 207, 302

Bantius, Lucius 229

Beneventum 193, 226, 230

Boii 139, 151, 169, 172

Bomilcar 226, 238, 264, 265

Boodes 106

Bostar 85

Braneus 163

Britomarus 140

Brundisium 234, 256

Bruttians 72, 223, 226, 235-6, 237-8