The Dawn of Human Culture (35 page)

in australopiths, 35, 38, 52, 93

cleaver (stone artifact type, defined), 102

in
Homo ergaster
, 93–94, 99–101

climate change and human evolution, 54–55,

in
Homo habilis
, 85

178–179

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“climatic dating,” 128, 277

fire, earliest use, 100, 155–157.
See also
hearths clothing, oldest known, 179, 266

“First Family,” 51. See also
Australopithecus

Clottes, Jean, 260

afarensis

cooking.
See
fire

fishing, oldest human, 19–20, 237–238

Coppens, Yves, 43, 52

fission track dating method, 116

core (stone artifact, defined), 65

flake (stone artifact type, defined), 65

Cro-Magnon people (defined), 189

FLKI site (= FLK-Zinj site), Olduvai, 81

Cro-Magnon Rockshelter, 189

Florisbad Spring site, 165, 221–223

Curtis, Garniss, 82, 114–115

footprints, fossil human, 54

cutmarks (on animal bones), 75, 88–89, 158,

foramen magnum and bipedalism, 32

161, 165–166, 199

Frere, John, 102, 105

Fuhlrott, Johann, 169

Dali skull, 253

Dar es Soltan Cave 2, 224

Galgenberg Hill, 261, 263

Darrow, Clarence, 53

Geissenklösterle Cave, 195, 260

Dart, Raymond, 30–34, 217–218

genetics

Darwin, Charles, 22, 55, 110

and human origins, 45

Deacon, Hilary, 17, 240–241

and modern human origins, 181–185,

Defleur, Alban, 199–200

246–247

dental enamel, thickness and diet, 37

geofacts (defined), 133

de Perthes, Boucher, 105

glacial climates and human evolution, 178–179,

d’Errico, Francesco, 153, 155, 195, 206, 208,

224

212–213

Gladysvale Cave, 34, 35

Deschamps, Éliette Brunet, 257–258

Gona site and artifacts, 65–69, 74

Die Kelders Cave 1, 237–239, 244

Gongwangling site (Lantian), 128

Divje-Babe Cave 1, 194–195

Goodwin, William, 185

Dmanisi site, 119–122

Goren-Inbar, Na’ama, 153

DNA.
See
genetics

gorillas, 37, 56

domestication of plants and animals, 267

Gorjanovic-Kramberger, Dragutin, 199

Dreyer, T. F., 221

Gould, Stephen Jay, 22–23

Drimolen Cave, 34, 35, 80

Gran Dolina site, 119, 121, 135–139

Duarte, Cidália, 201–202

graves, oldest, 152–153, 190, 193–194, 266

Dubois, Eugène, 110–112

Gravettian Industry/Culture, 187, 202

Duinefontein site, 161–165

Great Rift Valley and human origins, 44

Grün, Rainer, 248

early modern Africans

artifacts and behavior, 230–245

Hadar site, 49, 52, 69, 86–87

hunting-and-gathering, 237–240

Haile Selassie, Yohannes, 47, 58

physical appearance, 223–229

hammerstone (stone artifact, defined), 65

Elands Bay Cave, 237, 239

hand axe (defined), 70, 102.
See also
Acheulean Elandsfontein site, 161, 166, 220–221

Culture/Industry

Eldredge, Niles, 22–23

hand axe function, 106–107

Electron Spin Resonance dating method,

hand form and stone tool manufacture, 77–79

124–126, 276–277

Harris, Jack, 65

encephalization (defined), 144, 179

Hay, Richard, 43

Engis Cave, 197

hearths, and fire use, 100, 157, 241

Enkapune Ya Muto site, 11–16, 233, 235

Hexian site.
See
Lontandong Cave

ESR.
See
Electron Spin Resonance dating

Hillaire, Christian, 257

method

Hoedjies Punt site, 239

ethnicity, oldest indications, 190, 233

Hohlenstein-Stadel Cave, 260–262

Eurasia, earliest human occupation, 116–122,

Holliday, Trent, 143

133–141

hominid (human broadly understood), 88, 246

Evernden, Jack, 82

Homo,
origins, 57–59, 86. See also
Homo habilis
extinctions

Homo antecessor,
137

of fossil humans, 41, 172

Homo erectus,
96–97

of prehistoric animals, 190, 251–252

Chinese, 126–128, 253–255

early Indonesian, 110–116

faunal dating, 35, 275

late Indonesian, 123–126, 254

Feldhofer Grotto, 169, 181–182

Homo ergaster,
97–101

figurines, oldest, 153–155, 250–251

Homo habilis,
82–86, 98

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Homo heidelbergensis,
122, 134–135, 173, 221, Lake Ndutu site and skull, 220–221

253, 255

Langebaanweg fossil site, 165

Homo neanderthalensis,
170, 186.
See also
language and human evolution, 24, 145–146,

Neanderthals

214–215, 271–272

Homo rhodesiensis,
218.
See also
Kabwe skull Lantian sites (see also Chenjiawo and

Homo rudolfensis,
83–86

Gongwangling), 128, 129

Homo sapiens,
97, 112, 136, 186, 253.
See also
Larson, Gary, 72

early modern Africans, Cro-Magnons

Lascaux Cave, 259

houses, oldest known, 179, 191, 206–207

Later Stone Age, 231.
See also
LSA

Howell, Clark, 43

Leakey, Louis, 42, 70, 82–83

Hoxne site, 102

Leakey, Mary, 42, 43, 49, 53, 70

Hunting, early human, 75, 130–131, 157–161,

Leakey, Meave, 43, 48, 61, 92, 99

189, 238–239

Leakey, Richard, 43, 82, 92, 99

Huxley, Thomas, 170

Lee-Thorp, Julia, 81

hxaro
gift exchange system, 12–13, 266

Lehringen site, 160

Le Moustier Rockshelters, 186

Industry, archeological (defined), 70

Lespugue figurine, 154

Irhoud Cave, 223

Les Trois-Frères Cave, 259

Isaac, Glynn, 108

Levallois flaking technique (defined), 109

Isimila site, 107

Libby, Willard, 209

Isturitz Cave, 195

Lokalalei site, 69

Longghu-shan, 126.
See also
Zhoukoudian

Jablonski, Nina, 56

Locality 1

Jebel Irhoud.
See
Irhoud Cave

Lontandong Cave (Hexian), 128

Jerison, Harry, 144

Lower Paleolithic (defined), 186

jewelry, oldest known, 12–15, 206, 235

LSA (Later Stone Age), 231–235

Jinnuishan.
See
Yinkou

“Lucy,” 49, 51, 93. See also
Australopithecus

Johanson, Donald, 43, 49, 52

afarensis

juxtamastoid crest (defined), 174

luminescence dating method, 164, 276–277

Kabwe skull, 217–221

Maba skull, 253

Kalambo Falls site, 109

Magdalenian Industry/Culture, 188

Kanapoi site, 48

Makapansgat Limeworks Cave, 34, 35, 69

Kanzi (bonobo tool maker), 73–74

Malakunanja II site, 247–248, 250–251

Karari Escarpment, 105

Marillac Cave, 197

Kasteelberg sites, 230

Martínez, Ignacio, 149

Katanda sites, 242–244

mastoid process (described), 149

Kathu Pan site, 103

Mauer sand quarry and fossil jaw, 122, 135

Kebara Cave, 196

Maurício, João, 201

Kenyanthropus platyops,
61, 76–77, 86

McBrearty, Sally, 241

Kimbel, William, 43

meat eating, oldest human, 54, 75–76, 88–89

Kimeu, Kamoya, 92–93

Melka Kunturé site, 107

King, William, 170

Mellars, Paul, 196

Kisese II Rockshelter, 12

Menez-Dregan site, 157

Klasies River Mouth site complex, 16–20, 224,

metacarpal (thumb) form and tool making,

227–229, 237–239, 241

78–80

Kohn, Marek, 107

Mezmaiskaya Cave, 185, 211–212

Konso site artifacts and fossils, 105–106

Middle Awash Valley, 45, 64

Koobi Fora sites, 70, 74, 82–83, 96

Middle Paleolithic (defined), 186

Krapina Rockshelter, 198–199

Middle Stone Age, 230.
See also
MSA

Krings, Mathias, 181

Milo, Richard, 165, 271

Kromdraai Cave, 34, 35

Mithen, Steven, 107

!Kung San people (Kalahari Desert), 12, 14

mitochondrial DNA and modern human origins,

180–185

La Chapelle-aux-Saints Cave, 174

Mladec˘ site, 204, 205

Laetoli site, 43, 49, 52, 54

modern human behavioral origins

La Ferrassie Cave, 219, 227

climatic explanation, 269

Lagar Velho site and skeleton, 201–203

neurological explanation, 24–25, 146,

Lai, Cecilia, 271

270–271

Lake Mungo site, 246–248, 251

social explanations, 264–270

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Mojokerto fossil locality and dates, 112, 114–116

“Peking Man.” See
Sinanthropus pekinensis

Montagu Cave, 157

Peninj site artifacts and fossils, 105–106

Moula-Guercy Rock Shelter, 198–200

Petralona Cave and human skull, 134

Mousterian Industry/Culture, 186–190.
See also

Piltdown Hoax, 32

Neanderthals

Pithecanthropus erectus,
112. See also
Homo
Movius, Hallam, 129

erectus,
early Indonesian

Movius Line, 129

population density, prehistoric human, 166–167,

MSA (Middle Stone Age), 230–245

239, 267–268

Mumba Rockshelter, 12

potassium/argon dating method, 44, 210,

musical instruments, oldest known, 194–195

275–276

Prestwich, Joseph, 105

Nanjing site.
See
Tangshan site

projectile weapons, 20, 158–161, 196, 238.
See

Napier, John, 82

also
spears, bow and arrow

Nariokotome site, 92, 96.
See also
“Turkana Boy”

proto-Neanderthals, 147. See also
Homo heidel-

Native American origins.
See
Paleoindians

bergensis

Nauwalabila I site, 247–248, 250–251

punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, 22–23

Neanderthals. See also
Homo neanderthalensis

punctuated events in human evolution, 23, 55,

anatomy, 172–180

91–92, 143

art, 194–196

artifacts, 180–181

Qafzeh Cave and human fossils, 224–229

cannibalism, 198–200

Qizianshan Hill (Yiyuan), 128

compared to early modern Africans, 224–225

Quiatt, Duane, 271

contact with Cro-Magnons, 200–214

Quyuankekou site (Yunxian), 128

discovery, 168–172

evolutionary fate, 185–186

races, evolutionary origins, 191

evolutionary origins, 146–147

radiocarbon dating method, 209–212, 275–276

graves, 192–194

retouch on stone tools (defined), 70, 138

hunting, 189, 196–198

retromolar space (defined), 173, 224

language, 214–215, 272

“Rhodesian Man,” 218.
See also
Kabwe skull

mitochondrial DNA, 181–185

Rigollot, Dr., 105

Nelson Bay Cave, 18, 20, 237–239

Roberts, Bert, 247, 251

Ngandong locality, 123–126, 250

robust australopiths, 39, 41, 57, 77. See also

Niaux Cave, 259

Paranthropus
[species]

Nihewan Basin sites, 129

Roebroeks, Wil, 133

nitrogen isotopes and diet, 197

Ronen, Avraham, 155–156

nose, external, origin, 100–101

Ruff, Chris, 143

Nowell, April, 155

sagittal crest, 39

ocher (mineral pigment), 202, 241, 248–249

St. Acheul site, 105

O’Connell, James, 250

Saint-Césaire Cave, 206

Oldowan Industry/Culture

Saldanha skull.
See
Elandsfontein site

artifacts, 70–73, 102

Sambungmacan fossil site, 124, 126

human makers, 76–85

Sangiran fossil locality and dates, 112, 115–116

Olduvai Gorge, 52, 70, 74, 77, 81–83, 122

Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 73

Olorgesailie site, 107–108

scavenging by early people, 75–76

Omo-Kibish site, 224

Schaffhausen, Hermann, 170

Omo Valley early artifacts, 69

Schick, Kathy, 130

Orrorin tugenensis,
45

Schöningen brown coal mine, 157–159

ostrich egg shell beads, oldest, 12–15, 235

Schwartz, Jeffrey, 203

ostrich egg shell canteens, oldest, 19, 240

Scladina Cave, 197

Out-of-Africa hypothesis, 24–25, 221–229

scraper (stone tool type), 70

Sea Harvest MSA midden, 239

Pääbo, Svante, 181–185

seasonality of site occupation, oldest evidence,

Paleoindians, 237

19, 239–240

paleomagnetism and dating, 66–69, 119–121,

Semaw, Sileshi, 65

137, 277

sexual dimorphism

Paranthropus aethiopicus,
58.
See also
“Black in australopiths
,
35, 52

Skull”

in
Homo ergaster,
101

Paranthropus boisei
, 42, 81

in
Homo habilis,
83

Paranthropus robustus
, 35–41, 79–80

in the Klasies River Mouth fossils, 229

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sexual selection and Neanderthal evolution, 177

tooth form and ancient diet, 37

Shanidar Cave, 193–194, 226

Torralba site, 161, 166