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11 Index.r.qxd 1/29/02 5:08 PM Page 284

I

in Neanderthals, 175–176

NDEX

in relation to climate, 100–101, 177–178, 225

Boegoeberg Cave 2, 239

Abbeville site, 105

bone artifacts, oldest formal, 80, 206, 242–245

Acheulean Culture/Industry

bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees), 73.
See also
Kanzi artifacts, 71, 79, 102–110, 140–143

Boomplaas Cave, 12, 241

human makers, 80, 102, 106, 134

Border Cave, 12

“African Adam,” 183

Bouri locality (Middle Awash), 58–59, 88

“African Eve,” 183

bow and arrow, antiquity, 20, 198, 236

Allen, Jim, 250

Bowler, Jim, 251

Allia Bay site, 48

Boxgrove site, 161

Altamira Cave, 260

Brain, C. K., 39

Ambrona site, 161, 166

brain size.
See also
encephalization

Ambrose, Stanley, 11–15, 235

in australopiths, 37, 52, 87

Andersson, J. G., 126

in chimpanzees, 37

Arago Cave, 134–135

and climate, 179–180

Aramis site (Middle Awash), 45–47

in earliest
Homo,
83, 87

archeological sites, oldest, 74

in early modern Africans, 225

Arcy-sur-Cure site, 206–208

in fully modern
Homo sapiens,
37, 149, 179

Ardipithecus ramidus
, 45, 48

in
Homo erectus,
135

Arsuaga, Juan-Luis, 139, 147–148

in
Homo ergaster,
95, 99, 135

art, oldest known, 153–155, 190, 206, 259–264

in
Homo habilis,
83

Asfaw, Berhane, 43, 47

in
Homo heidelbergensis,
135, 149, 221

Atapuerca.
See
Gran Dolina site, Sima de los

and intelligence, 101, 180

Huesos

and natural selection, 143–146

atlatl.
See
spearthrower

in Neanderthals, 149, 175

Aurignacian Industry/Culture, 187, 205–206,

Bräuer, Günter, 204

208, 212, 260–261

breccia deposit, 30

Australian aboriginal origins, 246–251

Broeg, Helmut, 204

australopiths (defined), 32

Broken Hill Mine, 217.
See also
Kabwe skull

australopithecines (defined), 29, 32

Brooks, Alison, 155–156, 241

Australopithecus afarensis,
49–54, 76–77, 79

Broom, Robert, 34–35

Australopithecus africanus,
33–41, 89

browridge (defined), 95, 222

Australopithecus anamensis,
48–50

Buia site, 122

Australopithecus boisei.
See
Paranthropus boisei
bulb of percussion, 65

Australopithecus garhi,
59–60, 87

burials.
See
graves

Australopithecus ramidus.
See
Ardipithecus
burin (stone tool type), 187–188

ramidus

Byneskranskop Cave, 238–239

Australopithecus robustus.
See
Paranthropus
robustus

canine teeth and human evolution, 37, 48

Cann, Rebecca, 182

Bar-Yosef, Ofer, 266–268

cannibalism, prehistoric, 16, 139–140, 198–200

Berekhat Ram site and figurine, 153–155

carbon isotopes and dietary reconstruction, 81

Berger, Thomas, 178

Cave of Hearths, 157

biface.
See
hand axe

cave paintings, oldest known, 260

bifacial flaking (defined), 70

Ceprano site and skull, 140–141

Bilzingsleben site, 157

Chaplin, George, 56

bipedalism

Châtelperronian Industry/Culture, 204–208

and anatomy, 29, 48, 53–54, 65

Chauvet Cave, 258–260

and natural selection, 54–57

Chauvet, Jean-Marie, 257–258

Black, Davidson, 126

Chemeron site, 86

“Black Skull,” 57–58. See also
Paranthropus

Chenjiawo site (Lantian), 127

aethiopicus

chimpanzees, 29, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 48,

Blombos Cave, 237–239, 242, 244–245

56, 73

Bodo site and skull (Middle Awash), 219–220

chopper (stone artifact type, defined), 70

body hair, loss in humans, 101

Churchill, Steven, 160, 197

body size and proportions

Clacton site, 158