The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1158 page)

Jibr
l
(angel in Islam)
:

see
GABRIEL
.

 
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Jigoku
.

Jap. for
naraka
, hell.

 
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Jigme Lingpa
(’Jigs-med gling-pa, Tibetan teacher)
:

see
KLONG-CHEN RAB-’BYAMS-PA
.

 
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(Arab.,
jahada
, ‘he made an effort’). More fully,
jih
d f
sab
l
All
h
, ‘striving in the cause of God’. Jih
d is usually translated as ‘
holy war
’, but this is misleading. Jih
d is divided into two categories, the greater and the lesser: the greater jih
d is the warfare in oneself against any evil or temptation. The lesser jih
d is the defence of Islam, or of a Muslim country or community, against aggression. It may be a jih
d of the pen or of the tongue. If it involves conflict, it is strictly regulated, and can only be defensive.