The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (33 page)

10. Peter John Marcotullio, “Globalisation, Urban Form and Environmental Conditions in Asia-Pacific Cities,”
Urban Studies
40, no. 2 (2003).

11. Joochul Kim and Sang-Chuel Choe,
Seoul: The Making of a Metropolis
(West Sussex, Eng.: John Wiley, 1997), 3, 8–11.

12. Jacquemin, op. cit., 35; A.S. Oberoi, Population Growth, Employment and Poverty in
Third-World Mega-Cities: Analytical and Policy Issues
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 11; Kim and Choe,
op. cit.,
11–12, 26–29, 191–92.

13. Hardoy, “Building and Managing Cities in a State of Permanent Crisis,” 21.

14. El-Shakhs and Amirahmadi,
op. cit.,
240; Jacquemin,
op. cit.,
35.

15. Richard Child Hill and June Woo Kim, “Global Cities and Development States: New York, Tokyo and Seoul,”
Urban Studies
37, no. 12 (2000).

16. John Rennie Short and Yeong-Hyun Kim,
Globalization and the City
(London: Longman, 1999), 26, 57.

17. Barbara Demick, “South Korea Proposes a Capital Change,”
Los Angeles Times,
July 9, 2004.

18. Gerald Segal,
The Fate of Hong Kong
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), 1–27; Roy Hofheinz, Jr. and Kent E. Calder, The EastAsia Edge (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 103.

19. Turnbull,
op. cit.,
1–45; Lynn Pan,
Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1990), 110.

20. Janet W. Salaff, State and Family in Singapore: Restructuring a Developing Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988), 3, 226–27; Lim Chong-Yah, “The Transformation of Singapore in Twenty-five Years: A Glimpse,” in
Singapore:Twenty-five Years of Development,
ed. You Poh Seng and Lim Chong Yah (Singapore: Nan Yang Xing Zhou Lianhe Zaobao, 1984), 6–7; Giok-Ling Ooi, “The Role of the State in Nature Conservation in Singapore,”
Society and NaturalResources
15 (2002): 445–60.

21. T.J.S. George, Lee Kuan Yew’s Singapore (Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, 1984), 109.

22. Pan,
op. cit.,
264–65; George,
op. cit.,
16.

23. George,
op. cit.,
16, 109.

24. Ibid., 28; David S. G. Goodman, Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese Revolution: A Political Biography (London: Routledge, 1994), 120; Hoiman Chan and Rance P. L. Lee, “Hong Kong Families: At the Crossroads of Modernism and Traditionalism,”
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
(Spring 1995); Marcotullio, “Globalisation”; Castells,
op. cit.,
292; Weiming Tu, “Beyond Enlightenment Mentality: A Confucian Perspective on Ethics, Migration and Global Stewardship,”
International Migration Review
(Spring 1996).

25. Rhoads Murphey, “The City as a Centre of Change: Western Europe and China,” in D. J. Dwyer, ed.,
The City in the Third World
(New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1974), 62–63.

26. Gilbert and Gugler,
op cit.,
187; Weiming Tu, “Beyond Enlightenment Mentality”; Yue-Man Yeung, “Great Cities of Eastern Asia,” in
The Metropolis Era,
vol. 1, A World of Giant Cities,
158; Martin King Whyte, “Social Control and Rehabilitation in Urban China,”
Third World Urbanization,
264–70; Sidney Goldstein, “Levels of Urbanization in China,” in
The Metropolis Era: vol. 1, A World of
Giant Cities,
200–221; Chen,
op. cit.,
230–32; Deborah Davis, “Social Transformation of Metropolitan China Since 1949,” in
Cities in the Developing World,
247–52.

27. James Kynge, “An Industrial Powerhouse Emerges by the Waterfront,”
FinancialTimes,
January 23, 2003.

28. Davis,
op. cit.,
249–54; “China: Can the Centre Hold?,”
The Economist,
November 6, 1993; Lin You Su, “Introduction,” in
Urbanization in Large Developing
Countries: China, Indonesia, Brazil and India, ed. Gavin W. Jones and Pravin Visaria (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1997), 26–44; Ben Dolven, “Economic Lure of China’s Cities Grows,”
The Wall Street Journal,
February 26, 2003.

29. “The Decline of Hong Kong,”
The Wall Street Journal,
July 1, 2003; “Shanghai: 2004,”
The Economist,
January 15, 2004; Shahid Yusuf and Weiping Wu, “Pathways to a World City: Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalization,”
Urban
Studies
39, no. 7 (2002); Zhao Bin, Nobukazu Nakahoshi, Chen Jia-kuan, and Kong Ling-yi, “The Impact of Urban Planning on Land Use and Land Cover in Pudong of Shanghai, China,”
Journal of Environmental Sciences
15, no. 2 (2003).

30. David Lague, “China’s Most Critical Mass Movement,”
The Wall Street Journal,
January 8, 2003; David Murphy, “Outcasts from China’s Feast: Millions of Laid Off Workers Are Getting Angry,”
The Wall Street Journal,
November 6, 2002; “Sex of a Cultural Sort in Shanghai, China,”
The Economist,
July 13, 2002; Eugene Linden, “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,”
ForeignA fairs,
January 1996; David Clark,
Urban World/Global City
(London: Routledge, 1996), 175.

31. Harris,
op. cit.,
73; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; Yeung,
op. cit.,
158, 181; Marcotullio, “Globalisation,” 219–47.

32. Elisbeth Rosenthal, “North of Beijing, California Dreams Come True,”
The
New York Times,
February 3, 2003; “Shanghai Plans Massive Surburban Development,”
People’s Daily,
May 18, 2003.

33. Thomas Campenella, “Let a Hundred Subdivisions Bloom,”
Metropolis,
May 1998; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; Norton Ginsburg, “Planning the Future of the Asian City,”
The City
as a Centre of Change in Asia,
277.

CONCLUSION: THE URBAN FUTURE

1. “World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision,” United Nations Population Division.

2. “World Population Prospects, Population Data Base,” United Nations Population Division, 2000; “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision,” United Nations Population Division.

3. El-Shakhs and Amirahmadi,
op. cit.,
237; Sally E. Findley, “The Third World City: Development Policy and Issues,” in
Third World Cities,
7, 11; “
The
State of the World’s Population, 2001”; Harris,
op. cit.,
49.

4. Ali Parsa, Ramin Keivani, Loo Lee Sin, Seow Eng Ong, Asheed Agarwai, and Bassem Younes, “Emerging Global Cities: Comparisons of Singapore and the Cities of the United Arab Emirates” (London: Rics Foundation, 2003); Sulong Mohamad, “The New Town as an Urbanization Strategy in Malaysia’s Regional Development Planning,” in Robert B. Putter and Adenola T. Salau,
Cities and the Development in the Third World
(London: Mansell, 1970), 127–28.

5. Kandell,
op. cit.,
187.

6. Fehrenbach,
op. cit.,
627; Sergio Aguayo Quezada,
Mexico in Cifras: El Almanaque
Mexicano
(Mexico City: Editorial Hechos Confirables, 2002), 58–59, 66–68; INEGI,
Conteo de Poblaciation y Vivienda
1995 (Mexico, 1995); INEGI,
Conteo
de Poblaciation y Vivienda
1 (Mexico, 2001); Szuchman,
op. cit.,
5; George Martine and Clelio Campolina Diniz, in
Urbanization in Large Developing Countries,
“Economic and Demographic Concentration in Brazil: Recent Inversion of Historical Patterns,” 205–27; Teresa P. R. Caldeira, City of Walls: Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 233; “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision”; Findley,
op. cit.,
27; Harry W. Richardson, “Efficiency and Welfare in LDC Megacities,” in Third
World Cities,
37; Larry Rohter, “Model for Research Rises in a Third World City,”
The New York Times,
May 1, 2001; “Chilango Heaven,”
The Economist,
May 1, 2004.

7. Parsa et al., “Emerging Global Cities”; Tüzin Naycan-Levent, “Globalization and Development Strategies for Istanbul: Regional Policies and Great Urban Transportation Projects,” 39th IsoCa Congress, 2003.

8. Josef W. Konvitz, “Global Cities and Economic Growth,” OECD Observer (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994).

9. Susan S. Fainstein and Michael Harloe, “Introduction: New York and London in the Contemporary World,” in
Divided Cities: New York and London in the Con
temporary World, ed. Susan S. Fainstein, Ian Gordon, and Michael Harloe (London: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), 7.

10. Manuel Castells,
The Informational City
(Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell Publishers, 1989), 146–52; Hall,
op. cit.,
7, 23; Eli Lehrer, “Crime Without Punishment,”
Weekly Standard,
May 27, 2002.

11. Saskia Sassen,
Cities in a World Economy
(Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 2000), 5, 21.

12. Susanne MacGregor and Arthur Lipow, “Bringing the People Back In: Economy and Society in New York and London,” in
The Other City,
5; Peter Hall, “Urban Growth and Decline in Western Europe,” in
The Metropolis Era, vol. 1,
A World of Giant Cities,
113; Segre,
op. cit.,
99–107; John R. Logan, “Still a Global City: The Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of New York,” in
Globalizing Cities,
158–61.

13. Robert McC. Adams, “Contexts of Civilizational Collapse,” in The Collapse of
Ancient States and Civilizations,
20.

14. Thomas Klier and William Testa, “Location Trends of Large Company Headquarters During the 1990s,”
Economic Perspectives,
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2002; Ron Martin and Peter Sunley, “Deconstructing Clusters: Creative Concept or Policy Panacea,”
Journal of Economic Geography,
June 6, 2002.

15. Peter Muller, “The Suburban Transformation of the Globalizing American City,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
(May 1997); John Friedmann,
The Prospect of Cities
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 41.

16. Lee Burdet, “The Unthinkable Move Not Any Longer,” Southern Business and Development, February 6, 2004.

17. Peter Muller,
op. cit.;
Short and Kim,
op. cit.;
“Engine Failure,” Center for an Urban Future, September 2003; Burdet,
op. cit.;
Tom Shachtman,
Around the
Block: The Business of a Neighborhood
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997), 5.

18.
Inc.
“Best Places” survey, March 2004, research by economist David Friedman; “Leeds: Cities Paved with Brass,”
The Economist,
August 29, 1998; Paul Fox and Rachael Unsworth, “City Living in Leeds—2003,” University of Leeds, 2003; Jonathan Tilove, “2000 Census Finds America’s New Mayberry Is Exurban and Overwhelmingly White,”
Newhouse News Service,
November 26, 2001.

19. “Will Asian Crisis Spare the Suburbs,”
Real Estate Forum,
November 1998, 101.

20. Castells,
The Informational City,
151; Peter Muller,
op. cit.;
“Engine Failure”;
Inc.
“Best Places” survey, May 2004, research by economist David Friedman.

21. National Retail Federation, 2003, from Web site.

22. Charles V. Bagli, “Office Shortage in Manhattan Imperils Growth,” The New
York Times,
September 9, 2000; Siegel,
op. cit.,
253; “Engine Failure”; Jackson,
op. cit.,
185; John Norquist,
The Wealth of Cities: Revitalizing the Centers of AmericanLife
(New York: Perseus Books, 1999), 60; Andy Newman, “Recession Seen as Gentler for New York City’s Outer Boroughs,”
The New York Times,
February 6, 2004.

23. Joseph N. Pelton, “The Rise of Telecities: Decentralizing the Global Society,”
The Futurist,
January–February 2004; William J. Mitchell,
City of Bits: Space,
Place, and the Infobahn
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 94–98; Doug Bartholomew, “Your Place or Mine?,”
CFO
magazine, March 15, 2004; Sheridan Tatsuno, The Technopolis Strategy: Japan, High Technology and the Control of
the 21st Century
(New York: Prentice Hall, 1986), xv–xvi; Bruce Stokes, “Square One,”
National Journal,
May 24, 1997; Alvin Toffler,
The Third Wave
(New York: William Morrow, 1980), 204–7.

24. Fishman, op. cit., 187; U.S. Census analysis by William Frey, Brookings Institution;
Technological Reshaping of America,
93; Sara B. Miller, “Big Cities Struggle to Hold On to New Immigrants as Costs Rise,”
Christian Science Monitor,
October 9, 2003; “U.S. Cities Have Fewer Kids, More Singles,” News
Max.com
, June 13, 2001; William H. Frey, “Metropolitan Magnets for International and Domestic Migrants,” Brookings Institution, October 2003; Berger,
op. cit.;
Friedmann,
op. cit.,
40–41.