The City: A Global History (Modern Library Chronicles Series Book 21) (28 page)

16. Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
304.

17. Craig Fisher, “The Medieval City,” in
Cities in Transition: From the Ancient
World to Urban America, ed. Frank J. Coppa and Philip C. Dolce (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1974), 22.

18. Vito Fumagalli,
Landscapes of Fear: Perceptions of Nature and the City in the Middle Ages,
trans. Shayne Mitchell (Cambridge, Eng.: Polity Press, 1994), 68.

19. Mango,
op. cit.,
75.

20. July,
op. cit.,
46; Michael Grant,
From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century
(London: Routledge, 1998), 11–13: Mango,
op. cit.,
74; Chandler and Fox,
op.
cit.,
304–6.

21.
The Chronographia of Michael Psellus,
trans. E.R.A. Stewart (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), 130.

22. Pirenne,
op. cit.,
2–3; Childe,
What Happened in History,
279; Steven Runciman, “Christian Constantinople,” in Golden Ages of the Great Cities, ed. C.M. Bowra (London: Thames and Hudson, 1952), 64, 70–72; 77–78.

23. Muller,
op. cit.,
17.

24. Mango,
op. cit.,
68, 92.

25. Burckhardt,
op. cit.,
334; Morris,
op. cit.,
62; Dimitri Obolensky,
The Byzantine
Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453
(New York: Praeger, 1971), 48.

CHAPTER SEVEN: THE ISLAMIC ARCHIPELAGO

1. Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
270.

2. Geoffrey Barraclough,
The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in
European History
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 61.

3. Henri Pirenne,
Mohammed and Charlemagne,
trans. Bernard Miall (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1957), 166.

4. Richard Hodges,
Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), 31, 181; David C. Douglas, The Norman Achieve
ment, 1050–1100
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 189.

5. Paul Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh
Through the Tenth Centuries
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 41.

6. Philip K. Hitti, Capital Cities of Arab Islam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1973), 4–8.

7. Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together,
12, 18.

8. Ibn Khaldun,
The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History,
trans. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1969), 97.

9. Hitti,
op. cit.,
14; Albert Hourani,
A History of the Arab Peoples
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 120.

10. Hitti,
op. cit.,
18–19.

11. Ibn Khaldun,
op. cit.,
74.

12. Grant,
The Ancient Mediterranean,
192.

13. Stefano Bianca,
Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present
(New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 25–36.

14. Hitti,
op. cit.,
61.

15. Pirenne,
Mohammed and Charlemagne,
154–55; Mango, 91–97.

16. Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together,
35–38.

17. Hourani,
op. cit.,
124–25.

18. Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together,
39.

19. Hitti,
op. cit.,
154–55; Maria Rosa Menocal,
The Ornament of the World: How
Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain
(Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 66.

20. Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together,
54–57.

21. Hourani,
op. cit.,
110–11; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
270.

22. Hourani,
op. cit.,
49–50.

23. Janet Abu-Lughod,
Cairo: 1,001 Years of the City Victorious
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), 6–21.

24. Ibid., 41; André Raymond,
Cairo,
trans. Willard Wood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 36, 47; Ross E. Dunn,
The Adventures of Ibn
Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the 14th Century
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 41.

25. Raymond,
op. cit.,
120.

26. Ibid., 123.

27. Dunn,
op. cit.,
45.

28. Wheatley,
The Places Where Men Pray Together,
337.

29. Curtin,
op. cit.,
114–16.

30. July,
op. cit.,
58–59; Dunn,
op. cit.,
122–28; Curtin,
op. cit.,
121–22.

31. Ghirshman,
op. cit.,
336–41.

32. Masoud Kheirabadi,
Iranian Cities: Formation and Development
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), 45–65.

33. Thapar,
op. cit.,
52; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
301.

34. Stephen P. Blake, Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India, 1639–1739 (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 1–5.

35. Thapar,
op. cit.,
239.

36. Dunn,
op. cit.,
136; Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib,
The Cambridge EconomicHistory of India, vol. 1, 1200–1750
(Delhi: Orient Longman, 1982), 82–83.

37. Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
37–42; Curtin,
op. cit.,
123–25.

CHAPTER EIGHT: CITIES OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

1.
The Travels of Marco Polo,
ed. Manuel Komroff (New York: The Modern Library, 1926), 50–71.

2. René Grousset,
The Empire of the Steppes,
trans. Naomi Walford (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1970), 41–50, 90–95, 117–20; Kenneth Scott Latourette,
The Chinese: Their History and Culture
(New York: Macmillan, 1962), 80.

3. Bernard Lewis,
What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the
Middle East
(New York: Perennial, 2002), 6.

4. Wheatley,
The Pivot of the Four Quarters,
176–78; Ray Huang,
1587, A Year of No
Significance: The Ming Dynasty in Decline
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 4.

5. Latourette,
op. cit.,
216; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
270.

6. Gilbert Rozman, “East Asian Urbanization in the Nineteenth Century: Comparisons with Europe,” in
Urbanization in History: A Process of Dynamic Interactions,
ed. Advan der Woude, Akira Hayami, and Jan de Vries (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1990), 65–66.

7. Sit,
op. cit.,
22–23.

8. Ma,
op. cit.,
119–20.

9. Sit,
op. cit.,
39.

10. Heng Chye Kiang,
Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats: The Development of MedievalChinese Cityscapes
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999), 19–25.

11. Ibid., 1–3.

12. Ma,
op. cit.,
109–10; Sit,
op. cit.,
25.

13. Latourette,
op. cit.,
140–41; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
270.

14. L. Carrington Goodrich, A Short History of the Chinese People (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1943), 116–17; Latourette,
op. cit.,
67–68; Ma,
op. cit.,
117; Sen-Dou Chang,
op. cit.,
116.

15. Heng Chye Kiang,
op. cit.,
3.

16. Latourette,
op. cit.,
186.

17. Ma,
op. cit.,
30–31; Goodrich,
op. cit.,
151; Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
128–31.

18. Ma,
op. cit.,
34–35; Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
270.

19.
The Travels of Marco Polo, op. cit.,
153, 159–63, 254–56.

20. Goodrich,
op. cit.,
154–59.

21. Ma,
op. cit.,
5–6, 160; Heng Chye Kiang,
op. cit.,
135, 150, 170, 192.

22. Grousset,
op. cit.,
252.

23. Dunn,
op. cit.,
250;
The Travels of Marco Polo,
xvi; Latourette,
op. cit.,
215; Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
135–38.

24.
The Travels of Marco Polo,
153, 159–63, 254–56; Curtin,
op. cit.,
125.

CHAPTER NINE: OPPORTUNITY LOST

1. Ma,
op. cit.,
11–13; Percival Spear,
India: A Modern History
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961), 153; Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
141, 170–71; Blake,
op. cit.,
30; Fernand Braudel,
The Perspective of the World: Civilizationand Capitalism:15th–18th Century,
vol. 3, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 534; Hourani,
op. cit.,
232. Note: Not only were these cities large, but their economies were, for the most part, more affluent than those of Europe. Indeed, as late as 1700, per capita incomes in China and India equaled or excelled those of Britain or France, not to mention the poorer nations of Europe. Given its larger population, Asia’s economies, in aggregate, accounted for a far bigger share of the global economy.

2. Schinz,
op. cit.,
1–2.

3. Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 60–68, 185–87.

4. Blake,
op. cit.,
183, 192–94.

5. Saggs,
op. cit.,
49; ibn Khaldun,
op. cit.,
135–37, 247; Grousset,
op. cit.,
323–25.

6. Ma,
op. cit.,
122.

7. Spear,
op. cit.,
156–57.

8. Ma,
op. cit.,
43, 134–37, 162; Ira Marvin Lapidus,
Muslim Cities in the Later MiddleAges
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 96, 101; Raychaudhuri and Habib,
op. cit.,
185–87, 277–78.

9. Ibn Khaldun,
op. cit.,
238.

10. Curtin,
op. cit.,
127; Latourette,
op. cit.,
234.

11. Immanuel Wallerstein,
The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the
Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century
(New York: Academic Press, 1974), 55–56.

12. Lapidus,
op. cit.,
50–65, 78–80, 185–91.

13. Abu-Lughod,
op. cit.,
48–51; Lewis,
What Went Wrong?
13.

14. Lewis,
The Muslim Discovery,
195.

CHAPTER TEN: EUROPE’S URBAN RENAISSANCE

1. Pirenne,
Mohammed and Charlemagne,
277.

2. Lauro Martines,
Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy
(New York: Knopf, 1979), 13; Dougerty,
op. cit.,
44; Pirenne,
Medieval Cities,
61–64.

3. Fumagalli, op. cit., 81, 92; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology,
Armed Force and Society Since A.D. 1000
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 86.

4. John Hale,
The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance
(New York: Touch-stone, 1993), 20.

5. Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell Jr., How the West Grew Rich: The Economic
Transformation of the Industrial World
(New York: Basic Books, 1986), 59–60, 68; John Langton and Goran Hoppe, “Town and County in the Development of Early Modern Europe,” in
Historical Geography Research Series,
no. 11 (1983): 7.

6. Pirenne,
Mohammed and Charlemagne,
218–19.

7. Jan de Vries,
European Urbanization, 1500–1800
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984), 28–29, 41.

8. Lewis,
The Muslim Discovery,
26.

9. Brian Pullan,
A History of Early Renaissance Italy: From the Mid-Thirteenth to the
Mid-Fifteenth Century
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973), 104–7.

10. Chandler and Fox,
op. cit.,
313.

11. Morris,
op. cit.,
113–14; Paul Zucker,
Town and Square, from the Agora to the Village
Green
(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970), 99–102.

12. Jacob Burckhardt,
The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy: An Essay,
trans. S.G.C. Middlemore, ed. Irene Gordon (New York: New American Library, 1961), 79; Morris,
op. cit.,
112–17.