The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (172 page)

Read The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined Online

Authors: Steven Pinker

Tags: #Sociology, #Psychology, #Science, #Amazon.com, #21st Century, #Crime, #Anthropology, #Social History, #Retail, #Criminology

BOOK: The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
4.55Mb size Format: txt, pdf, ePub
259. Churchill’s racism: Toye, 2010; quotes excerpted in J. Hari, “The two Churchills,”
New York Times
, Aug. 12, 2010.
260. Dumb congressional testimony: Quoted in Courtwright, 1996, pp. 155–56.
261. Literary intellectuals’ contempt for the masses: Carey, 1993.
262. Intellectuals’ support of totalitarianism: Carey, 1993; Glover, 1999; Lilla, 2001; Sowell, 2010; Wolin, 2004.
263. Appalling Eliot: Carey, 1993, p. 85.
264. Intellectuals’ troublemaking: Carey, 1993; Glover, 1999; Lilla, 2001; Sowell, 2010; Wolin, 2004.
265. Smarter people are less violent: Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Wilson & Herrnstein, 1985; Farrington, 2007, pp. 22–23, 26–27.
266. Superrationality in the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Hofstadter, 1985.
267. Truckers’ IQ and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Burks et al., 2009.
268. University SATs and the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Jones, 2008.
269. Politicization of social science: Haidt & Graham, 2007; Tetlock, 1994.
270. Political liberals and fairness: Haidt, 2007; Haidt & Graham, 2007.
271. Liberalism and intelligence in the United States: Kanazawa, 2010.
272. Bright children become enlightened adults: Deary, Batty, & Gale, 2008.
273. Smarter people think like economists: Caplan & Miller, 2010.
274. Market economies as a pacifying force: Kant, 1795/1983; Mueller, 1999; Russett & Oneal, 2001; Schneider & Gleditsch, 2010; Wright, 2000 Mueller, 2010b.
275. Zero-sum mindset & ethnic violence: Sowell, 1980, 1996.
276. Kantian Peace: Gleditsch, 2008; Russett, 2008; Russett & Oneal, 2001.
277. Cognitive prerequisites for democracy: Rindermann, 2008.
278. Intellectual abilities and democracy: Rindermann, 2008.
279. Democracy and violence: Gleditsch, 2008; Harff, 2003, 2005; Lacina, 2006; Pate, 2008; Rummel, 1994; Russett, 2008; Russett & Oneal, 2001.
280. Flynn Effect in Kenya and Dominica: Flynn, 2007, p. 144.
281. Education and civil war: Thyne, 2006.
282. Pacifying effect of education: Thyne, 2006, p. 733.
283. Integrative complexity: Suedfeld & Coren, 1992; Tetlock, 1985; Tetlock, Peterson, & Lerner, 1996.
284. Low but significant correlation between IQ and integrative complexity: Suedfeld & Coren, 1992. Correlation of 0.58 among presidents: Simonton, 2006.
285. Integrative complexity and violence: Tetlock, 1985, pp. 1567–68.
286. Integrative complexity and major wars: Suedfeld & Tetlock, 1977.
287. Integrative complexity and Arab-Israeli wars: Suedfeld, Tetlock, & Ramirez, 1977. Integrative complexity and U.S.-Soviet actions: Tetlock, 1985.
288. Teasing apart effects of integrative complexity: Tetlock, 1985; Tetlock et al., 1996.
289. Integrative complexity of American political discourse: Rosenau & Fagen, 1997.
290. Inane 1917 congressman: Quoted in Rosenau & Fagen, 1997, p. 676.
291. Inane 1972 senator: Quoted in Rosenau & Fagen, 1997, p. 677.
292. Sophistication of U.S. presidential debates: Gorton & Diels, 2010.
293. Inhabitant of the breast: Smith, 1759/1976, p. 136.
Chapter 10: On Angels’ Wings
 
1. Hitler was not an atheist: Murphy, 1999.
2. Nazism and Christianity: Ericksen & Heschel, 1999; Goldhagen, 1996; Heschel, 2008; Steigmann-Gall, 2003; Chirot & McCauley, 2006, p. 144.
3. Common cause between Nazism and the church: Ericksen & Heschel, 1999, p. 11.
4. Marxism and Christianity: Chirot & McCauley, 2006, pp. 142–43; Chirot, 1995.
5. Gifts and amity: Mauss, 1924/1990.
6. Unsexy merchants: Mueller, 1999, 2010b.
7. Only nursing mothers should command nuclear forces: D. Garner, “After atom bomb’s shock, the real horrors began unfolding,”
New York Times
, Jan. 20, 2010.
8. Handbagged: Shultz, 2009.
9. Surplus of men, deficit of peace: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.
10. Sparing bare branches: Hudson & den Boer, 2002, p. 26.
11. Bolus of men: Hudson & den Boer, 2002.
12. Number of young men and odds of war: Fearon & Laitin, 2003; Mesquida & Wiener, 1996.
13.
Sex and War
: Potts, Campbell, & Hayden, 2008.
14. Mixing of peoples fosters humanism: Examples include the findings that countries in which women are more influential have less domestic violence (Archer, 2006a); that people who know gay people are less homophobic (see note 232 to chap. 7); and that American counties along coasts and waterways are more liberal (Haidt & Graham, 2007).
15. Escalator of reason, expanding circle: Both are taken from Singer, 1981/2011.
16. The idea of decline: Herman, 1997.
17. Rational optimists: Bettmann, 1974; Easterbrook, 2003; Goklany, 2007; Kenny, 2011; Ridley, 2010; Robinson, 2009; Wattenberg, 1984.
18. A higher power?: Payne, 2004, p. 29.
19. Evidence of divinity?: Wright, 2000, p. 319. Divinely imparted meaning?: Wright, 2000, p. 320. Cosmic author?: Wright, 2000, p. 334.
20. Moral realism: Nagel, 1970; Railton, 1986; Sayre-McCord, 1988; Shafer-Landau, 2003; Harris, 2010.
21. “hot and forcing violation”:
Henry V,
act 3, scene 3.
22. Hundreds of millions murdered: Rummel, 1994, 1997. “Naked ape”: from Desmond Morris.
23. While this planet has gone cycling on: Charles Darwin,
The Origin of Species
, final sentence.
REFERENCES
 
ABC News. 2002. Most say spanking’s OK by parents but not by grade-school teachers.
ABC News Poll
. New York.
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/US/DailyNews/spanking_poll021108.html
.
Aboud, F. E. 1989.
Children and prejudice
. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Abrahms, M. 2006. Why terrorism does not work.
International Security, 31,
42–78.
Ad Nauseam. 2000.
”You mean a woman can open it . . . ?”: The woman’s place in the classic age of advertising
. Holbrook, Mass.: Adams Media.
Adams, D. 2006. Brain mechanisms of aggressive behavior: An updated review.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30,
304–18.
Ainslie, G. 2001.
Breakdown of will
. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Akerlof, G. A. 1984.
An economic theorist’s book of tales
. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Akey, J. M. 2009. Constructing genomic maps of positive selection in humans: Where do we go from here?
Genome Research, 19,
711–22.
Alia-Klein, N., Goldstein, R. Z., Kriplani, A., Logan, J., Tomasi, D., Williams, B., Telang, F., Shumay, E., Biegon, A., Craig, I. W., Henn, F., Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. 2008. Brain monoamine oxidase-A activity predicts trait aggression.
Journal of Neuroscience, 28,
5099–5104.
American Humane Association Film and Television Unit. 2009.
No animals were harmed: Guidelines for the safe use of animals in filmed media
. Englewood, Colo.: American Humane Association.
American Humane Association Film and Television Unit. 2010. No animals were harmed: A legacy of protection.
http://www.americanhumane.org/protecting-animals/programs/no-animals-were-harmed/legacy-of-protection.html
.
American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR,
4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
Amnesty International. 2010. Abolitionist and retentionist countries.
http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries
.
Anderson, E. 1999.
The code of the street: Violence, decency, and the moral life of the inner city
. New York: Norton.
Anderson, S. W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. 1999. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex.
Nature Neuroscience, 2,
1032–37.
Andreas, P., & Greenhill, K. M., eds. 2010.
Sex, drugs, and body counts: The politics of numbers in global crime and conflict
. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Appiah, K. A. 2006.
Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a world of strangers
. New York: Norton.
Archer, J. 2006a. Cross-cultural differences in physical aggression between partners: A social role analysis.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10,
133–53.
Archer, J. 2006b. Testosterone and human aggression: An evaluation of the challenge hypothesis.
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30,
319–45.
Archer, J. 2009. Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?
Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 32,
249–311.
Arendt, H. 1963.
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil
. New York: Viking Press.
Asal, V., Johnson, C., & Wilkenfeld, J. 2008. Ethnopolitical violence and terrorism in the Middle East. In J. J. Hewitt, J. Wilkenfeld & T. R. Gurr, eds.,
Peace and conflict 2008
. Boulder, Colo.: Paradigm.
Asal, V., & Pate, A. 2005. The decline of ethnic political discrimination 1950–2003. In M. G. Marshall & T. R. Gurr, eds.,
Peace and conflict 2005: A global survey of armed conflicts, self-determination movements, and democracy
. College Park: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
Asch, S. E. 1956. Studies of independence and conformity I: A minority of one against a unanimous majority.
Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70,
Whole No. 416.
Atran, S. 2002.
In gods we trust: The evolutionary landscape of supernatural agency
. New York: Oxford University Press.
Atran, S. 2003. Genesis of suicide terrorism.
Science, 299,
1534–39.
Atran, S. 2006. The moral logic and growth of suicide terrorism.
Washington Quarterly, 29,
127–47.
Atran, S. 2010. Pathways to and from violent extremism: The case for science-based field research (Statement Before the Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Emerging Threats & Capabilities, March 10, 2010).
Edge
.
http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/atran10/atran10_index.html
.
Axelrod, R. 1984/2006.
The evolution of cooperation.
New York: Basic Books.
Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. 1981. The evolution of cooperation.
Science, 211,
1390–96.
Bailey, M. 2003.
The man who would be queen: The science of gender-bending and transsexualism
. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Bandura, A. 1999. Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.
Personality & Social Psychology Review, 3,
193–209.
Bandura, A. 2002. Reflexive empathy: On predicting more than has ever been observed.
Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 25,
24–25.
Bandura, A., Underwood, B., & Fromson, M. E. 1975. Disinhibition of aggression through diffusion of responsibility and dehumanization of victims.
Journal of Research in Personality, 9,
253–69.
Baron-Cohen, S. 1995.
Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. 2001. Empathy-induced altruism in a prisoner’s dilemma II: What if the partner has defected?
European Journal of Social Psychology, 31,
25–36.
Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Lishmer, D. A., & Tsang, J.-A. 2002. Empathy and altruism. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez, eds.,
Handbook of positive psychology
. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Stocks, E. L. 2005. Benefits and liabilities of empathy-induced altruism. In A. G. Miller ed.,
The social psychology of good and evil
. New York: Guilford Press.
Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Todd, M., Brummett, B. H., Shaw, L. L., & Aldeguer, C. M. R. 1995. Empathy and the collective good: Caring for one of the others in a social dilemma.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68,
619–31.
Batson, C. D., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. 2008. Empathy, attitudes, and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group?
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28,
1656–66.

Other books

Advanced Mythology by Jody Lynn Nye
Ecstasy Lake by Alastair Sarre
Taking Chase by Lauren Dane
Corridors of Power by C. P. Snow
The Coalition Episodes 1-4 by Wolfe, Aria J.
Salem's Daughters by Stephen Tremp