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  67.
The temporary-employment-agency workers who met the adult criteria for antisocial personality disorder lack the child criteria. That is, they are antisocial in adulthood, but they did not meet criteria for conduct disorder as children. We focused our research on those who met full criteria for antisocial personality disorder.

  68.
None had been convicted of either homicide, attempted homicide, or rape.

  69.
For the entire unselected sample, males reported an average of 16.1 criminal offenses while females reported 8.6 offenses. Rates of at least one seriously violent act were 55.7 percent in males and 42.9 percent in females. For males, 24.4 percent of the sample admitted to rape or sexual assault, while 34.8 percent
admitted to assault on a stranger causing bodily injury, 13.3 percent had fired a gun at someone, and 8.9 percent had either attempted homicide or completed homicide. For females, 14.3 percent admitted to assault on a stranger causing bodily injury, 7.1 percent had fired a gun at someone, and 7.1 percent had either attempted homicide or completed homicide.

  70.
Hare, R. D. (2003).
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  71.
Ibid.

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Rates of psychopathy for females were 8.3 percent (a score of 30 or more) and 16.7 percent (a score of 25 or more).

  73.
Widom, C. S. (1978). A methodology for studying non-institutionalized psychopaths. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (eds.),
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Ibid., p. 83.

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Widom, C. S. & Newman, J. P. (1985). Characteristics of non-institutionalized psychopaths. In D. P. Farrington and J. Gunn (eds.),
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This quasi-conditioning is very much like fear conditioning. Numbers are flashed on a screen counting down from 12 to 0. At the count of 0 the subject is blasted with a loud noise or given an electric shock. Between 12 and 0 (the anticipatory phase), most of us will give skin conductance “anticipatory” responses as we are somewhat anxious about the noise blast. Psychopaths give significantly fewer of these responses. The task differs from conditioning in that participants are told what will happen—there is cognitive awareness. In the classical conditioning paradigm, they are not told the association—that the CS+ tone predicts the aversive noise—and instead they must learn this association for themselves.

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Ishikawa, S. S., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S. & LaCasse, L. (2001). Autonomic stress reactivity and executive functions in successful and unsuccessful criminal psychopaths from the community.
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110, 423–32.

  78.
Ibid.

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Damasio, A. R. (1994).
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New York: Grosset/Putnam.

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We did not run a classical conditioning paradigm on the psychopaths because I felt at the time it was such a well-replicated finding that it did not need repeating, and that a paradigm with a social context that manipulated secondary emotions would be more novel. We have predicted that the successful psychopath would show better autonomic fear conditioning, and we have brought fear conditioning back into our research protocols.

  81.
Despite a dearth of systematic research studies, there has nevertheless been a great deal of speculation about what makes a serial killer; see, for example, Holmes, R. M. & Holmes, S. T. (1998).
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, 2nd ed.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications; also Fox, J. A. & Levin, J. (2005).
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  82.
The executive-functioning task we gave our participants is the Wisconsin card-sorting task, a classic measure of executive functioning.

  83.
Strangulation as depicted in movies and TV does not take too long, but it is much harder in reality. It took Ross eight minutes to strangle one of his victims, as his fingers would cramp up. He had to stop and massage them before proceeding.

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Berry-Dee, C. (2003).
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  85.
Scripps argued that he became annoyed with his victim in the hotel room when he suspected that Lowe was a homosexual and was making advances to him.

  86.
Berry-Dee,
Talking with Serial Killers
, p. 94. Scripps used a six-inch boning knife to systematically dismember his victims; he gives a systematic description of how he went about doing it. His skills are unusual but stem from the fact that Scripps worked in a butchery while serving a prior prison sentence.

  87.
Ibid.

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Pontius, A. A. (1993). Neuropsychiatric update of the crime “profile” and “signature” in single or serial homicides: Rule out limbic psychotic trigger reaction.
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Carver, H. W. (2007). Reasonable doubt.
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Johnson, S. (1998).
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Ishikawa, S. S., Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S. & LaCasse, L. (2001). Autonomic stress reactivity and executive functions in successful and unsuccessful criminal psychopaths from the community.
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
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  92.
Dan Rather had other risk factors for an antisocial behavior outcome, including bad spelling and coming from a working-class neighborhood. Interestingly it was a heart inflammation he had as a ten-year-old, confining him for weeks to bed, where he could only listen to World War II newscasts—that caused him to become fascinated by broadcasting.

  93.
Raine, A. (2006).
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Johnson,
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Raine, A., Brennan, P. & Mednick, S. A. (1994). Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years.
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If you see
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with, has suffered terribly at the hands of terrorists. Note also how he breaks down in the shower, haunted by guilt after his need for an adrenaline rush results in a comrade’s leg being shattered. Despite the devil-may-care, stimulation-seeking cowboy persona that he presents, James has a conscience—he is neither a psychopath nor a “red-neck piece of trailer trash,” as one of his disconcerted comrades calls him.

  97.
It should be recognized that there appears to be no unitary arousal system—measures of resting-state ANS correlate at a surprisingly low level, around .10. Arousal is clearly a complex and multifaceted construct, and low-arousal theory is perhaps too simplistic. Still, it is conceivable that an extreme (antisocial) group within this general population does have low arousal on multiple arousal measures. Evidence does exist for under-arousal on at least two separate measures of arousal in antisocial child and adolescent samples. Even with simple biological measures like heart rate, unfolding the “mechanism of action”—how low heart rate goes about producing individuals with antisocial and aggressive behavior—is likely highly complex, involving many different processes.

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