The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (64 page)

42.
“Interview with President Sadat of Egypt”; Morris,
Victims
, 390.

43.
Eliav,
Taba’ot
, 314.

44.
Abraham Rabinovich,
The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter that Transformed the Middle East
(New York: Schocken, 2004), 22.

45.
Uri Bar-Joseph,
Hatzofeh Shenirdam
(The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and Its Sources) (Lod: Zmora-Beitan, 2001), 91–92; Quandt, 135–37; Bundy, 338.

46.
Kissinger,
White House Years
, 1296, 1300; Quandt, 132, 136.

47.
Rabinovich, 14–15.

48.
Arie (Lova) Eliav,
Eretz Hatzvi
(Land of the Hart) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1972/eighth edition, 1983), 200.

49.
Eliav,
Eretz Hatzvi
, 200–201.

50.
Ibid., preface to the sixth edition (unnumbered pages).

51.
Ibid., 195.

52.
Ibid., 150–60.

53.
Ibid., 163–67.

54.
Ibid., 164.

55.
Haim Gouri, “Hako’ah Vehapetza,”
Davar
, June 9, 1972, 2.

56.
The actual byline was “Hagur,” his well-known pen name.

57.
Aharon Geva, “Kol Ha’aretz Sadot,”
Davar
, June 19, 1972, 7.

58.
Admoni,
Asor
, 111–13; Admoni, interview.

59.
Demant, 248–51.

60.
Negbi, 12–18.

61.
BAGATZ 302/72 and 306/72.

62.
BAGATZ 302/72, Abu Hilu letter of June 12, 1972.

63.
BAGATZ 302/72, Holzman letter of Aug. 7, 1972.

64.
A third respondent was the commander of the northern Sinai and Gaza Strip, Brigadier General Yitzhak Pundak.

65.
BAGATZ 302/72, affidavits of Lt. Col. Dov Shefi and Col. Ofer Ben-David.

66.
BAGATZ 302/72, affidavit of Maj. Gen. Yisrael Tal.

67.
BAGATZ 302/72, key arguments and summary of the petitioners; Negbi, 31–33.

68.
Ad. MS 72:15; LPS Nov. 9, 1972, 41–42; Demant, 240–41; Negbi, 3–33.

69.
LPS Sept. 21, 1972, 2–3.

70.
Demant, 245–47; NARA, RG59 Central Files 1970–73, POL 28 Jordan, Tel Aviv cable 7411, Nov. 11, 1972.

71.
LPS Nov. 9, 1972, 3–5, 12–15; cf. YAOH III:29.

72.
According to Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics (
www.cbs.gov.il
), the population of Israel at the end of 1997 comprised 4.83 million Jews and 1.07 million Arabs. A Palestinian census the same year (
www.pcbs.org
) found 2.9 million Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Both sets of numbers include East Jerusalem Arabs, so an adjusted figure for the total Arab population in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip is approximately 3.8 million, alongside 4.8 million Jews.

73.
LPS Nov. 9, 1972, 54–57, 59–62, 66.

74.
Katzover, interview; Menachem Felix, interview; Etzion, interview. DC 21, an early handwritten draft of reasons for settling near Shekhem begins with the passage in Genesis, followed by other biblical references to the city. DC 39, “Daf Divuah,” a report to members of the settlement group, describes meetings with Galili, who said “the time is not right” for seeking cabinet approval for settling near Nablus, and with Peres and Deputy Transportation Minister Gad Yaacobi of Rafi, who promised to contact Dayan for them.

75.
Quandt, 138–140; Marilyn Berger, “Nixon Assures Mrs. Meir of Aid,”
Washington Post,
Mar. 2, 1973, A1; William Beecher, “Israelis Will Buy More Jets in U.S.; Total Is Put at 48,”
New York Times,
Mar. 14, 1973, 1; Bundy, 433.

76.
NARA, RG59 Central Files 1970–73, POL 28 Jordan: Tel Aviv cables 1282, 2534, 2768, 2770, 2784, 3398, Jerusalem cables 345, 367, 368, Amman cables 1793, 1837, 1851, 1891, 1926, 1944, U.N. cable 1285, Washington cable 67073; Demant, 253–257; Gazit,
Peta’im
, 228.

77.
NARA, RG59 Central Files 1970–73, POL 28 Jordan, Tel Aviv cable 2768.

78.
LPS, Apr. 12, 1973, 18–22.

79.
LPS, Apr. 12, 1973, 22–25, 27.

80.
LPS, Apr. 12, 1973, 26.

81.
LPS, Apr. 12, 1973, 37–41.

82.
LPS, Apr. 12, 1973, 42–45, 58.

83.
BAGATZ 302/72, Justice Landau’s ruling.

84.
NARA, NPMP Henry Kissinger office files, “President’s Meeting with General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev on Saturday, June 23, 1973, at 10:30 p.m. at the Western White House, San Clemente, California” via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
, document 3; Henry Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
(Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1982), 296–99; Bundy, 412–13.

85.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 228.

86.
Ibid., 227–29.

87.
Meetings of Labor ministers regarding the electoral platform, July 26, Aug. 2, Aug. 10, 1973; YAOH, IX:11.

88.
Meeting of Labor ministers regarding the electoral platform, Aug. 10, 1973, 11.

89.
Eliav,
Eretz Hatzvi,
preface to the sixth edition (unnumbered pages).

90.
LPS, Sept. 3, 1973, 36.

91.
Ma’ariv
, Sept. 4, 1973.

92.
Eliav, interview.

93.
Davar,
Sept. 20, 1973.

94.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 431–32, 462–66; Quandt, 145.

95.
Admoni,
Asor
, 118; Ad. MS 73:25.

9. Mere Anarchy Is Loosed

1.
Alei Golan,
No. 250, Oct. 8, 1973; Yehudah Harel, interview.

2.
Rabinovich, 87–89, 101–12, 142–44.

3.
Rabinovich, 47, 59–61, 77–78.

4.
Ahron Bregman,
Israel’s Wars: A History Since 1947
(New York: Routledge, 2000), 119–20; Bar-Yosef, 243–45.

5.
NARA, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger Staff Meetings, 1973–1977, Secretary’s Staff Meeting, Oct. 23, 1973, via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
.

6.
Medzini, 428–29; Rabinovich, 87–89.

7.
NARA, RG59 Records of Henry Kissinger, Box 1.

8.
Medzini, 428–29; Rabinovich, 21.

9.
NARA, NPMP National Security Council Files, Box 638, Arab Republic of Egypt IX, Cairo cable 3023, via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
, and see notes there at Document 24; Stein, 4, 72; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 481–82; Rabinovich, 22, 26.

10.
www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=95484
; Chaim Sabbato,
Te’um Kavvanot
(Adjusting Sights) (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 1999), 9–12, 34–35, 41–42, 88–90. Answering a question from my son in Feb. 2005, Sabbato stated that book is strictly autobiographical.

11.
Alei Golan,
No. 250, Oct. 8, 1973; Yehudah Harel, interview; Bar Yosef, 373.

12.
Psalms 118:25.

13.
Sabbato, 84–98, 150–51.

14.
www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=93817
.

15.
www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=96540
.

16.
Bar Yosef, 373–76.

17.
Ibid., 389–91.

18.
Ibid., 394; Medzini, 437.

19.
Medzini, 437–39.

20.
Haim Gouri,
Shirim
(Collected Poems) (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute/Hakibbutz Hame’uhad, 1998), vol. 1, 238.

21.
Gouri,
Shirim
II, 105; Gouri, interview.

22.
Rabinovich, 301, 307ff; Morris,
Victims,
407–11.

23.
Rabinovich, 417ff; Morris,
Victims,
423–33.

24.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 481–83, 498–99, 522–23, 561; NARA Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger Staff Meetings, 1973–1977, Secretary’s Staff Meeting, Oct. 23, 1973, via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
.

25.
Rabinovich, 476. Kissinger’s approval for Israel’s continued advance is clear in both NPMP, HAKO, Box 39, HAK Trip—Moscow, Tel Aviv, London—Oct. 20–23, 1973, Moscow cable 13148, Oct. 21, 1973, and NARA RG59, SN 70–73, POL 7 US/Kissinger, Kissinger-Meir Memcon, Oct. 23, 1973, both via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
.

26.
Kalinov, 6.

27.
Rabinovich, 497.

28.
Rabinovich, 497.

29.
NARA, Transcripts of Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger Staff Meetings, 1973–1977, Secretary’s Staff Meeting, Oct. 23, 1973, via
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/index.htm
.

30.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 581.

31.
Rabinovich, 478–88.

32.
Yehudah Amital,
Hama’alot Mima’amakim
(Jerusalem/Alon Shvut, 5734), 11–12.

33.
Alon Shvut,
27 Marheshvan 5736 (Nov. 12, 1974), lists what it refers to as “most” of the students after the war, totaling 148 Israeli students and 26 foreign ones.

34.
Amital, 12.

35.
Festinger et al.; Albert I. Baumgarten, ed.,
Apocalyptic Time
(Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill, 2000), x–xiii.

36.
Amital, 12, 26–27.

37.
Amital, 18–19. The words can also be translated as “the meaning of the Jewish people’s victory.”

38.
Amital, 22–23.

39.
Ibid., 31–32.

40.
Returnees included men whose military task had been to defend the settlement, and others who were between units when war erupted.

41.
Alei Golan,
No. 250, Oct. 8, 1973, No. 253, Nov. 2, 1973; Bar, interview; Yehudah Harel, interview; Meinrat, interview.

42.
Admoni,
Asor
, 119.

43.
Alie Golan
, No. 253, Nov. 2, 1973; Yehudah Harel, interview; Admoni,
Asor
, 123; Ad. MS 73:44.

44.
“Arabs Hold 6-Hour Summit in Kuwait,”
Washington Post
, Nov. 2, 1973, A20.

45.
Ad. MS 74:36.

46.
NARA, RG59 Central Files 1970–73, Pol 27 Arab-ISR, Kissinger-Ismail memcon Nov. 2, 1973; “Arabs Hold…,”
Washington Post.

47.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 760–61.

48.
Beilin, 141–42.

49.
ISA 106/810/2P, Labor Party Central Committee, Dec. 5, 1973; Penniman, 135.

50.
“Separation of Forces Agreement Between Israel and Egypt January 18, 1974,”
www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Israel-Egypt+Separation+of+Forces+Agreement+-+1974.htm
; Quandt, 199–200; Morris,
Victims
, 438; Rabinovich, 494.

51.
Bernard Gwertzman, “Kissinger Is Given Syrian Proposals On Opening Talks,”
New York Times
, Jan. 21, 1974, 1; Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 851.

52.
NARA, RG59 Central Files 1970–73, POL ISR-US, Memcon Kissinger-Meir et al., Dec. 16, 1973.

53.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 151–53.

54.
Arnon Lapid, “Hazmanah Levekhi,” originally published in
Shdemot,
no. 53 (Winter 5754) (1974): 50, via
www.notes.co.il/tirza/7754.asp
.

55.
The Hebrew term used by Porat,
hallel
, refers specifically to Psalms 113–18, part of the liturgy for holidays commemorating miraculous redemption, such as Passover.

56.
Hanan Porat, Oct. 30, 2003.

57.
Shafat, 11–17.

58.
There is continuing scholarly debate on the meaning of “fundamentalism” outside of the term’s original Christian context and on whether Gush Emunim fits into the category. See Laurence J. Silberstein, ed.,
Jewish Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective
(New York and London: New York University Press, 1993).

59.
MEI-MR, unnumbered file, “Gush Emunim—Nispah Mispar 1,” undated; Porat, interview.

60.
Shafat, 14–18; Shvut, 47–48; Yehuda Ben-Meir, interview.

61.
Shafat, 18, 22–24, 27; MEI-MR, unnumbered file, Gush Emunim flyer of Adar 9, 5754 (Mar. 3, 1974);
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 155.

62.
Rabinovich, 499–501.

63.
Medzini, 471.

64.
YTA 15Galili/3/9/71.

65.
YTA 15Allon/25/3.

66.
Medzini, 472.

67.
Medzini, 472–73; MEI-MR, unnumbered file, Gush Emunim flyer of Adar 9, 5754 (Mar. 3, 1974); cf. Golan,
Shimon Peres
, 142–43.

68.
Medzini, 474–75.

69.
See Rabinovich, 503–4, and Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, 486, for conflicting evaluations of the significance of Dayan’s proposal.

70.
Shapira,
Yigal Allon,
492.

71.
Ad. MS 74:11.

72.
Ad. MS 74:11–13.

73.
Golan,
Shimon Peres
, 143.

74.
Ibid., 5.

75.
Ibid. 19–88; Medzini, 476–77.

76.
Rabin, 418.

77.
Golan,
Shimon Peres
, 145–47; Medzini, 477.

78.
The Jerusalem Report staff,
Shalom, Friend: The Life and Legacy of Yitzhak Rabin,
ed. David Horovitz (New York: Newmarket Press, 1996), 28–30, 37–39, 46–47.

79.
Medzini, 477.

80.
Shapira,
Yigal Allon
, 344–47; Morris,
Victims
, 236–37.

81.
Rabin, 417–18.

82.
Medzini, 477; Rabin, 421.

83.
Sabato, 153–57.

84.
Gvilei Esh
, 554;
www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=96801
.

85.
Ravitzky, 188–89.

86.
Ibid., 189–90.

87.
Kissinger’s description of his goals comes at the beginning of his detailed description of the shuttle in
Years of Upheaval
, 1032–1110. Additional material on the shuttle comes from NARA RG59, records of Henry Kissinger, 1973–77, Box 8.

88.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1042–43, 1052.

89.
Ibid., 1044–46.

90.
Ibid., 1071, cf. 1052.

91.
Haynes Johnson, “President Hands Over Transcripts,”
Washington Post
, May 1, 1974, A1.

92.
Medzini, 477; Matti Golan,
The Secret Conversations of Henry Kissinger: Step-by-Step Diplomacy in the Middle East
(New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1976), 188.

93.
Porat, for instance, later claimed that “If it were up to America, we would have retreated from the Golan Heights.” Porat, interview.

94.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 163–64. According to Golan,
Secret Conversations,
211, Meir and Dayan decided before Kissinger arrived to give up all of Quneitrah, but doled out the concession in small bits. It is possible Merom Golan settlers received an intimation of this decision. Yehudah Harel enjoyed close ties with Yisrael Galili.

95.
See, for instance, Shafat, 56–58; Terence Smith, “Israelis Protest Yielding to Syria,”
New York Times,
May 7, 1974, 7; B. Ehrlich, “Keshet: Hamered Hakadosh,”
Nekuda
, No. 100, July 11, 1986, 12.

96.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1052.

97.
Shafat, 56.

98.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1043.

99.
NARA, RG59, records of Henry Kissinger, 1973–1977, Box 8, Memcon of Kissinger-Meir meeting, May 17, 1974, 10:35–11:35
A.M
.

100.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1082.

101.
Ibid., 1052.

102.
Terence Smith, “Israelis Protest Yielding to Syria,”
New York Times,
May 7, 1974, 7; Shafat, 59–60; Porat, interview.

103.
Bernard Gwertzman, “Kissinger Believes Syrian-Israeli Decision Is Near,”
New York Times
, May 11, 1974, 2.

104.
The description here of Keshet’s founding draws on Yehudah Harel, “Ledatah Shel Keshet,” GA, 055/039/01; Ehrlich, “Keshet”; Yehudah Harel, interview; Ad. MS 74:17–18; Porat, interview.

105.
MEI-MR, unnumbered file.

106.
Kissinger,
Years of Upheaval
, 1094–110; Quandt, 212–14; Jehuda Wallach,
Atlas Carta Letoldot Medinat Yisrael: Asor Shlishi
(Carta’s Atlas of Israel: The Third Decade 1971–1981) (Jerusalem: Carta, 1983), 112;
www.izkor.gov.il/izkor86.asp?t=96801
.