The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (60 page)

23.
FRUS XIX:405, 418, 421; Fred J. Khouri,
The Arab-Israeli Dilemma
(Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1968), 310–12.

24.
Yoram Meital, “The Khartoum Conference and Egyptian Policy After the 1967 War: A Reexamination,”
Middle East Journal
54, no. 1 (Winter 2000); Khouri, 312–14; Shlaim, 258–59; William Quandt, interview. Text of the resolution:
www.mideastweb.org/khartoum.htm
.

25.
Lammfromm, 576; Gazit,
Peta’im
, 143–44; Shlomo Hillel, interview.

26.
FRUS XX:7.

27.
Lemerhav,
Sept. 7, 1967, 1; Admoni,
Asor
, 33–34.

28.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 143.

29.
Pedatzur, 190–91; YAOH VII:1; Warhaftig, 294–95. Descriptions of the National Religious Party ministers as being advocates of the Whole Land of Israel in the summer of 1967 are anachronistic, based on the party’s later positions. Warhaftig opposed settlement in the Golan Heights and Sinai; party leader Haim Moshe Shapira was known in the cabinet and party as an outspoken territorial minimalist. Warhaftig, 241–264; Yehuda Ben-Meir, interview.

30.
Lammfromm, 576.

31.
Admoni,
Asor
, 34.

32.
YLE 5/31.

33.
Ben-Yaakov, 345.

34.
Shvut, 33.

35.
Hanan Porat, interview; Moshe Levinger, interview.

36.
Yehuda Ben-Meir, interview. Eshkol described the NRP leaders’ interest in reestablishing Kfar Etzion as a glaring exception to their usual meekness; see ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, Nov. 22, 1967.

37.
Aharon Amir, “Hakinor Vehaherev,”
Keshet
(Tel Aviv) 18 (Fall 1975), 25–26.

38.
Gouri, “Hashivah Le’Abu Dis.”

39.
GEA 23IVf.

40.
Hanan Porat, interview.

41.
Davar,
Sept. 22, 1967.

42.
YLE 5/31.

43.
Hanan Porat, interview.

44.
Shvut, 35; Shafat, 27; Naftali Greenspan, “The Story of Our Return to Gush Etzion,” ms. at GEA 23IVg. Shafat’s account of settlement consistently portrays a far sharper conflict between settlers and politicians than reflected in documents and accounts of other settlers. Note that the chronology in Shvut contains contradictions and does not line up with the calendar of September 1967/Elul 5727.

45.
Shvut, 35.

46.
Moshe Brawer, interview. Brawer, emeritus professor of geography, Tel Aviv University, surveyed the area in late June–early July 1967 and mapped the location of prewar Syrian and Israeli positions to determine the de facto June 4, 1967, lines. Cf. Frederic C. Hof, “The Line of June 4, 1967,”
Middle East Insight
, Sept.–Oct. C 1999. The site, afterward known as Kibbutz Snir, was settled by members of the dovish Hashomer Hatza’ir movement, which at that stage rejected settling in occupied land but did not see former DMZ land as belonging to that category. Moshe Netzer,
Netzer Mishorashav: Sippur Haim
(Life Story) (Ministry of Defense, 2002), 250–51.

47.
Cabinet discussion: Admoni,
Asor
, 51–53; Pedatzur, 186, 193–94; Lammfromm, 576–77. Minutes of the meeting with Hamahanot Ha’olim representatives concerning Beit Ha’aravah, Sept. 19, 1967: ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 5–69.

48.
Pedatzur, 193.

49.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Dale-Atherton letter, Sept. 29, 1967.

50.
E.g., “Rosh Hamemshalah Hodia Biyshivat Hamemshalah: He’ahzut Nahal Takum Bekarov Begush Etzion,”
Davar,
Sept. 25, 1967, 1; Terrence Smith, “Israelis to Live in 2 Seized Areas,”
New York Times
, Sept. 25, 1967, 1.

51.
Earlier published accounts of the establishment of Kfar Etzion contain discrepancies in dating and other details, and create an impression of Eshkol approving the settlement under threat that the settlers would go ahead illegally, in line with the portrayal publicly promoted at the time by the National Religious Party’s Young Guard. Pedatzur, 193, gives Sept. 25 as the date Kfar Etzion was established. Admoni,
Asor
, 53, has Porat et al. meeting Eshkol on the Hebrew date 20 Elul (Sept. 25). Eshkol’s office diary at YLE shows no meeting between the prime minister and the Etzion group on that day, and the description of the conversation in Admoni fits the meeting that in fact took place on Sept. 22. Eshkol’s office diary does show that Eshkol met Settlement Department head Ra’anan Weitz at 8:50
A.M
., Sept. 25. This fits the account of Settlement Department official Yehudah Dekel (“Kakh Alinu Mehadash Legush Etzion,”
Ha’aretz,
Oct. 23, 1984, Letters to the Editor) that the Kfar Etzion group received official notice of the prime minister’s approval in their meeting that morning at the Settlement Department. The correct chronology therefore is Sept. 22: Etzion group meets Eshkol; receives ambiguous reply. Sept. 22–23: Etzion young people meet for Sabbath. Sept. 24: Eshkol announces his decision to the cabinet. Sept. 25: Eshkol meets Weitz, who afterward meets Porat et al. to prepare for founding. Porat then meets Levinger. Sept. 27: Kfar Etzion established.

52.
GEA 23IVf: Memo regarding meeting of Sept. 25, 1967; Yehudah Dekel, “Kakh Alinu”; Porat, interview.

53.
Porat, interview.

54.
Davar, Hatzofeh, Ha’aretz, Hayom, Jerusalem Post, Lamerhav, Ma’ariv
,
Yediot Aharonot,
Sept. 28, 1967; Shvut, 35; Porat, interview; NARA RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Jerusalem telegram 579. Organizing committee’s flyer at GEA 23IVf notes that Nahal groups may later be assigned to the new kibbutz, as they sometimes were to civilian settlements, but says nothing of the settlement being defined as a Nahal outpost.

55.
YLE 5/31.

56.
See, for instance, ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, Nov. 22, 1967.

57.
Eshkol’s personal role in directing settlement is summed by Admoni,
Asor
, 68–72.

58.
YLE 5/31, cable 461.

59.
YLE 5/31, cable 676.

60.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, cable 950.

61.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, Dale-Atheron letter, Sept. 29, 1967.

62.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, Nov. 22, 1967.

63.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, cables 921, 43163.

64.
NARA, RG 59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, cable 44390.

65.
Hedrick Smith, “U.S. Chides Israelis…,”
New York Times
, Sept. 27, 1967, 1.

66.
Drew Middleton, “Brown Supports U.S. Peace Effort…,”
New York Times
, Sept. 27, 1967, 1.

67.
GEA 23IVf.

68.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, cable 972. Eban himself, at a press conference in Strasbourg on Sept. 27, described Kfar Etzion as being settled by a “youth military organization” and said the Israeli government regarded neither it nor “cultivation” under way in the Syrian heights “as in any sense excluding the free discussion of the territorial problem in the peace negotiation.” LBJ, NSF country file Israel, vol. 7, memos, document 84b.

69.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, cables 1283, 2533, 1620, 1666;
Al-Dastur
(Amman), Sept. 30, 1967, via HATZAV.

70.
Saunders, interview.

71.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 27 Arab-Isr, airgram A-226.

72.
Hanan Porat, interview.

73.
Pedatzur, 200–201.

74.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 14;
Alei Golan
, no. 3, Nov. 10, 1967, and no. 32, July 17, 1968; Yehudah Harel, interview; Meinrat, interview.

75.
Yehudah Harel, interview;
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 19, emphasis in the original.

76.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 20.

77.
Yair Douer,
Lanu Hamaggal Hu Herev II
(Our Sickle Is Our Sword: Nahal Settlements from 1967 until 1992) (Ministry of Defense and Yad Tabenkin, 1997).

78.
Merom Golan: Reshit
, 17; Yehudah Harel, interview.

79.
Kalinov, 50–54.

80.
LBJ, NSF country files, Israel Vol. VII, memos, document 57.

81.
Pedatzur, 112–13; Shlaim, 259.

82.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, Nov. 22, 1967.

83.
YTA 15Allon/17/4, Oct. 30, 1967.

84.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 23n. 1; Shlomo Gazit,
Hamakel Vehagezer: Hamemshal Hayisre’eli Biyhudah Veshomrom
(The Stick and the Carrot: The Israeli Administration in Judea and Samaria) (Tel Aviv: Zmora, Bitan, 1985), 12. The Hebrew term
shtahim muhzakim
literally means “held territories” but has standardly been translated “administered territories,” which properly conveys the bureaucratic blandness of the Hebrew.

85.
YAOH III:13–23.

86.
YAOH III:21, VI:18, VII:20. A photograph of Eshkol on that trip, no. D685-074 in the Israel Government Press Office archive, is dated November 12, 1967.

87.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A, document 240; Moshe Netzer, 253; Netzer, interview.

88.
Yehudah Harel, “Meharamah Hasurit”; Admoni,
Asor
, 28–31.

89.
Quandt, 56; Meital, 81–82; Oren, 325–27. Text of Resolution 242:
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/un242.htm
.

90.
FRUS XIX:476.

91.
Quandt, 56.

92.
LBJ, President’s Daily Diary, Box 14.

93.
NARA, RG59, Central Files 1967–69, POL 7 Isr 1-1-68; LBJ NSF country files, Israel, Eshkol visit, briefing book; Saunders, interview.

94.
FRUS XX:39, 40.

95.
YAOH III:20–21.

96.
FRUS XX:41.

97.
Beilin, 49–50; Pedatzur, 33–34; Medzini, 347–49.

98.
ISA 153.8/7920/7A.

5. The “Invisible” Occupation

1.
Yaakov Perry,
Habba Lehorgekha
(Strike First) (Tel Aviv: Keshet, 1999), 14–48.

2.
E.g., ISA 153.8/7920/7A, Eshkol speech to Ihud Hakvutzot Vehakibbutzim, Nov. 22, 1967.

3.
Gazit,
Peta’im
, 20–22, 47; Shlomo Gazit, interview.

4.
Gazit,
Hamakel
, 83–87; Gazit,
Peta’im
, 35–41; Gazit, interview.

5.
MER III:284–85; Lev Luis Grinberg,
Hahistadrut Me’al Lakol
(The Histadrut Above All) (Jerusalem: Nevo, 1993), 188–91; Dayan, 397–401.

6.
Gazit,
Peta’im,
61–62.

7.
Dayan, 393–94, 405; on Dayan’s archaeological looting, see Raz Kletter, “A Very General Archaeologist—Moshe Dayan and Israeli Archaeology,”
Journal of Hebrew Scriptures
4 (2002–2003),
www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_27.htm
.

8.
MER III:285.

9.
Perry, 49–51.

10.
Gazit,
Peta’im,
33. On defining colonialism, see Stephen Howe,
Empire: A Very Short Introduction
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 26–31.

11.
Howe,
Empire
, 30–31.

12.
MER III:282–83.

13.
MER III:285–87; Gazit,
Peta’im,
63–64; Wallach, 118.