The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 (56 page)

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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.

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www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/un242.htm
.

Yehudah Halevi. “Tzion Halo Tishali.” Proyekt Ben-Yehuda,
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.

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.

Hebrew Newspapers and Periodicals

Al Hamishmar

Davar

Ha’aretz

Hatzofeh

Hayom

Lamerhav

Ma’ariv

Nekuda

Yediot Aharonot

Hebrew Internal Newsletters

Alei Golan
(Kibbutz Merom Golan)

Alon Shvut
(Yeshivat Har Etzion)

Emunim
(Gush Emunim)

Et Ofrah
(Ofrah)

Gilgalon
(Kibbutz Gilgal)

Gush Emunim

Gush Emunim—DafKesher

Gush Emunim—Dapei Meda

Zra’im
(Bnei Akiva)

English Newspapers and Periodicals

Newsweek

New York Times

Time

Washington Post

Interviews

Admoni, Yehiel. December 12, 2003.

Azaryahu, Arnan (Sini). November 5, 2003.

Bar, Carmel. November 3, 2003.

Ben Artzi, Hagi. February 24, 2005.

Ben-Meir, Yehuda. March 24, 2004.

Ben-Tzedek, Hedva. June 14, 2004.

Brawer, Moshe. April 17, 2005.

Dori, Latif. June 30, 2004.

Dror, Vered. June 14, 2004.

Eisenstadt, David. January 21, 2003.

Eliav, Arie (Lova). July 27, 2003; February 8, 2004.

Eshkol, Miriam. March 9, 2004.

Etzion, Yehudah. February 10, 2004; March 2, 2004.

Ezrahi, Yaron. May 31, 2005.

Felix, Menachem. February 10, 2004.

Gazit, Shlomo. December 10, 2003.

Gouri, Haim. August 6, 2003; September 12, 2003; October 28, 2003; July 9, 2004.

Halbertal, Moshe. June 16, 2004.

Harel, Yehudah. November 4, 2003.

Harel, Yisrael. March 23, 2004; May 27, 2004.

Hillel, Shlomo. December 1, 2003.

Katzover, Benjamin. February 10, 2004.

Klein, Menachem. April 25, 2005.

Lahat, Shlomo. August 26, 2003.

Lavie, Naftali. December 30, 2002.

Levinger, Moshe. March 18, 2004.

Lifshitz, Oded. March 3, 2004; May 18, 2005.

Meinrat, Gershon. November 4, 2003.

Moskovic, Moshe. December 24, 2003; December 31, 2003; January 12, 2004.

Negbi, Moshe. February 2, 2005.

Netzer, Moshe. February 11, 2004.

Parker, Richard. May 11, 2004.

Porat, Hanan. September 3, 2003; October 30, 2003; May 27, 2004.

Quandt, William. May 19, 2004.

Rosenblau, Shmuel. June 14, 2004.

Sarid, Yossi. February 22, 2004.

Sat, Eytan. November 5, 2003.

Saunders, Harold. May 10, 2004.

Sereni, Hagar. December 20, 2004.

Shemtov, Victor. July 23, 2003.

Sisco, Joseph. June 15, 2004.

Walker, Edward. May 10, 2004.

Yisraeli, Chaim. April 19, 2004.

GERSHOM GORENBERG
is the author of
The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount
and coauthor of
Shalom, Friend: The Life and Legacy of Yitzhak Rabin
. For many years a columnist and associate editor at
The Jerusalem Report
, he has also written for
The New York Times Magazine
,
The Washington Post
,
The New Republic
,
The American Prospect
,
Mother Jones
,
Ha’aretz
, and
Ma’ariv
. Born in America and educated at the University of California and Hebrew University, Gorenberg lives in Jerusalem with his wife and three children.

Writing a book looks, from the outside, like a peculiarly lonely calling. From the inside, it is a celebration, a long intellectual feast shared with many friends.

In planning my research, I was able to benefit from the expertise of Michael Oren, Benny Morris, Yossi Heller, Menachem Klein, and Lev Grinberg, friends whose very different perspectives on Israel’s past have enriched me. Yaron Ezrahi shared his insights into Israel’s politics and culture. Yehudah Mirsky and Moshe Halbertal helped me explore the philosophical and cultural development of Gush Emunim. David Eisenstadt shared with me his research on Jerusalem’s changing boundaries, and Moshe Negbi has regularly lent his knowledge of legal history. Asher Arian, Gad Barzilai, Warren Bass, Robert Caro, Eliezer Don Yehiya, Louise Fischer, Yossi Goldstein, David Greenberg, Ron Kuzar, Arnon Lammfromm, Peter Medding, Avi Raz, Tom Segev, and others gave of their time and knowledge. Naturally, I am solely responsible for how I chose to interpret their ideas.

My discerning research assistants, Joel Zisenwine and Amir Engel, helped find the treasures buried in archaeological mounds of paper. Through the good graces of the Middle East Institute, Nora Achrati assisted in my research at the National Archives, doubling the worth of my time there. Ata Qaymari ably translated Mahdi Abdul Hadi’s pioneering Arabic study on settlements.

The hunt for contemporary documents took me to archives ranging from one-room collections in individual settlements to major repositories in Israel and the United States. I am grateful for a grant from the Lyndon B. Johnson Foundation that made it possible for me to work at the LBJ Library in Austin, Texas, where archivist Regina Greenwell and others helped me explore sources on U.S. Mideast policy in the critical period during and after the Six-Day War. I also owe special thanks to Yehoshua Freundlich at the Israel State Archives for bringing to my attention the extensive oral history interviews with Yigal Allon, a free-flowing autobiography of a central figure in the settlement story, and to Michal Saft and the ISA reading room staff. At the Yad Tabenkin Archive, Maurice Kantor virtually became a partner in my work. Vardina Schnurmann at Merom Golan, Hemdat Shani at Ofrah, Ora Routtenberg at the Gush Etzion Archive, and Zvi Slonim at Midreshet Eretz Yisrael in Keddumim helped me with settlement collections. At the Israel Defense Force’s memorial library for fallen soldiers, Smadar Spector-Danon assisted in finding writing by young Israelis—who, tragically, never grew old—that testifies to the mood and ideas that shaped the settlement movement. Israel Courts Administration spokeswoman Tamar Paul-Cohen and staffers Efrat Farkash and Hanit Haroosh outdid themselves in providing access to Supreme Court materials on the expulsion of the Sinai Bedouin. At National Archives in Maryland, the Richard Nixon Library, the Yitzhak Rabin Center for Israel Studies, and elsewhere, other generous staffers provided a hand.

Unfortunately, documentation on settlement in the IDF Archive, including the papers of defense ministers Moshe Dayan and Shimon Peres and the inquiry commission report on the expulsion of the Sinai Bedouin, remained classified—according to officials, on grounds that settlement is “a very delicate, very problematic” subject and that information on the expulsion of the Bedouin “could damage the foreign relations” of Israel. Such political justifications for secrecy are unworthy of Israeli democracy. The Association for Civil Rights in Israel and its dedicated attorney, Avner Pinchuk, have earned my thanks and admiration in their effort to open access to this material.

On the other hand, papers provided by individuals have filled in more of the settlement story. Yehiel Admoni, former director of the Jewish Agency Settlement Department, allowed me use of the manuscript of his book,
Asor Shel Shikul Da’at
(Decade of Discretion), more extensive than the published version and an archive in itself. Peter Demant was kind enough to share the valuable collection of early Gush Emunim documents he gathered during his doctoral research. Haim Gouri, Oded Lifshitz, Avraham Mintz, and Moshe Moskovic added material on key incidents.

To complement the documentary material and published research, I interviewed participants in the original events and experts, as listed in the bibliography. My experience as a journalist is that interviews, properly evaluated and weighed against other sources, are an essential resource. I am grateful to all those who shared their time—sometimes many hours—with me. I felt especially enriched by conversations with people in their eighth and ninth decades, who showed why “elder” connotes someone of knowledge and insight.

Dror Etkes of Peace Now’s Settlement Watch project generously gave me a tour of early settlement sites. Esteban Alterman, photo editor of the
Jerusalem Report
, lent invaluable assistance in finding historical photographs. Sharon Ashley and Ronnie Hope, my editorial colleagues at the
Report
, read the manuscript chapter by chapter as I wrote. Sometimes I was sensible enough to take their suggestions.

As always, I am thankful to Anne Roiphe and Sid Bernstein for their support, to my agent Lisa Bankoff, and especially to my editor at Times Books, Paul Golob, whose encouragement and collaboration has been essential.

Last, but far from least, this book would not have been possible without the patience of my children, Yehonatan, Elisheva, and Shir-Raz—and most of all, without the help, involvement, suggestions, and love of my wife, Myra Noveck.

Abbreviations

Note
: Israeli press coverage listed by newspaper and date, with further details on articles of particular significance. Article and book titles are in the original language, with English translations as provided by the publisher.