Spies and Commissars: The Bolshevik Revolution and the West (76 page)

4
. Politburo meeting, 16 February 1921:
ibid.
, d. 134.

5
. Central Committee plenum, 24 February 1921:
ibid.
, op. 2, d. 59, item 2.

6
. See
here
.

7
.
The Times
, 17 September 1920.

8
.
Ibid.
, 3 December 1920.

9
. C. Andrew
, Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community
, p. 262.

10
. B. Savinkov to P. N. Wrangel, 15 October 1920: Boris Savinkov Papers (HIA).

11
. Central Committee plenum, 25 February 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 60.

12
. L. Bryant (Moscow) via F. Mason (Berlin), 10 March 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 3, fol. 1, pp. 68–9.

13
. L. Bryant (Moscow) via F. Mason (Berlin), 8 March 1921:
ibid.
, p. 79.

14
.
Ibid.
, p. 80.

15
. V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds),
Neizvestnyi Trotskii. Krasnyi Bonapart: Dokumenty, mneniya, razmyshleniya
, pp. 339 and 340–1.

16
.
Desyatyi s”ezd RKP(b)
, pp. 716–59 and 765–8.

17
.
Ibid
., pp. 349–50, 354, 391 and 393.

18
. L. D. Trotsky to the Politburo, 10 March 1921: V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds),
Neizvestnyi Trotskii
, p. 346.

19
. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 19 March 1921: ‘
Sovershenno lichno i
doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska
, vol. 1, p. 329.

20
. Politburo meetings, 18 and 19 March 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, dd. 138 and 139.

21
.
Washington Times
, 17 March 1921.

22
.
Boston American
, 16 March 1921.

23
. L. Bryant to F. Mason, 12 March 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 2, p. 61.

24
. Politburo meeting, 17 April 1921: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 3, d. 155, item 155.

31. The Second Breathing Space

1
.
Petrogradskie izvestiya
, 12 April 1921; ‘Revel’skaya gavan’ i bol’sheviki’, 21 April 1921, pp. 1 and 5, Nicolai Koestner Papers (HIA).

2
.
Pravda
, 14 April 1921.

3
. L. D. Trotsky to A. D. Tsyurupa, 21 March 1921: GARF, f. 3316s, op. 2, d. 83, pp. 2–4.

4
. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 19 March 1921: ‘
Sovershenno lichno i
doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska
, vol. 1, p. 330.

5
.
New York Times
, 22 March 1921.

6
.
Ibid
.

7
.
Ibid.
, 13 July 1921.

8
.
Chicago Tribune
, 27 March 1921.

9
. J. Aves,
Workers against Lenin: Labour Protest and the Bolshevik Dictatorship
, pp. 158–85.

10
. V. A. Antonov-Ovseenko to V. Lenin, 20 July 1921:
The Trotsky Papers
, vol. 2, p. 536.

11
. ‘Desyataya partiinaya konferentsiya, 26–28 maya 1921 goda’: uncorrected minutes, RGASPI, f. 46, op. 1, d. 2, pp. 1, 16, 18 and 60.

12
. See R. Service,
Lenin: A Political Life
, vol. 3, pp. 182–4 and 205–12.

13
. ‘Desyataya partiinaya konferentsiya, 26–28 maya 1921 goda’: uncorrected minutes, RGASPI, f. 46, op. 1, d. 2, pp. 58–9.

14
.
Ibid
., pp. 50–62.

15
.
Ibid.
, pp. 125 and 133–4.

16
.
New York Times
, 25 May 1921.

17
. L. D. Trotskii to M. M. Litvinov, 7 July 1921: RGVA, f. 33987, op. 1, d. 409, p. 555.

18
.
New York Times
, 30 June 1921.

19
.
Ibid.
, 2 July 1921.

20
.
Ibid.
, 30 June 1921.

21
. V. I. Lenin to G. V. Chicherin, in V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 53, pp. 34–5.

22
.
New York Times
, 31 July 1921.

23
.
Ibid
., 4 August 1921.

24
.
Ibid.
, 5 November 1921.

25
.
Ibid.
, 6 November 1921.

26
. E. J. Epstein,
Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer
, pp. 62–73.

27
. L. B. Krasin,
Vneshtorg i vneshnyaya ekonomicheskaya politika Sovetskogo
pravitel’stva
, pp. 33–4.

28
.
The Times
, 7 July 1921.

29
. V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 45, p. 220.

30
. H. Hoover,
The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency,
1920–1923
, p. 23.

31
. L. Trotskii,
Petlya vmesto khleba
(Penza Gubkom RKP: Penza, 1921), pp. 15–32.

32
.
Ibid
., pp. 11–12.

33
.
Ibid.
, p. 11.

34
. V. I. Lenin to V. M. Molotov, 11 August 1921, in V. I. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie sochinenii
, vol. 53, pp. 110–11.

35
. A. Gumberg to K. Durant, 21 June 1922: Ronald Hilton Papers (HIA).

36
. 8 September 1921: Herbert Hoover Collection (HIA), box 17, folder 6.

37
.
New York Times
, 18 February 1922.

38
. B. Patenaude,
The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921
, pp. 28–48.

39
. Extract from Trotsky’s interview with L. Bryant-Reed (1922): American Relief Administration Russian Unit (HIA), box 353, folder 19.

40
. Report of the VCheka, May–June 1921: 30 June 1921:
Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov
, pp. 593–612.

41
. B. Savinkov to S. Reilly, 12 June 1921: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 6, folder 24.

42
. Savinkov’s testimony in ‘Sudebnoe razbiratel’stvo’,
Pravda
, 30 August 1924, p. 6.

43
. Report of the VCheka, May–June 1921: 30 June 1921:
Arkhiv VChK. Sbornik dokumentov
, pp. 593–612.

44
.
P. Dukes, diary for 1921: Paul Dukes Papers (HIA), box 1.

45
. Association Financière, Industrielle et Commerciale Russe (Paris) to V. N. Bashkirov (New York), 23 June 1921: Vladimir N. Bashkirov Papers (HIA), box 1.

46
. Unsigned, undated military intelligence report on Anglo-Soviet relations in London (May or June 1921?): P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 110, folder 22, p. 7.

47
. A. A. Ioffe (V. Krymskii),
Mirnoe nastuplenie
, p. 17.

48
.
Ibid
., pp. 9, 17 and 36–8.

49
. William J. Kelley to an unknown addressee, 8 December 1921: William J. Kelley Papers (HIA).

50
.
New York Times
, 8 June 1921.

51
.
Ibid.
, 11 January 1922.

52
. Theses on the NEP: RGASPI, f. 325, op. 1, d. 88, pp. 1–5. See also R. Service,
Trotsky: A Biography
, p. 290.

32. The Unextinguished Fire

1
. A. Poliakoff,
The Silver Samovar: Reminiscences of the Russian Revolution
, p. 40.

2
. A. L. Strong,
The First Time in History: Two Years of Russia’s New Life (August 1921 to December 1923)
, p. 15.

3
.
Ibid
.

4
. I. Litvinov, typed transcription of taped conversation in 1960 about settling in Russia, p. 10: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3.

5
.
Ibid.
, p. 11.

6
. Frank E. Mason, dispatch of 31 May 1921: Frank E. Mason Papers (HIA), box 2, pp. 68–9.

7
.
Dayton Journal
, 4 July 1920. Mason’s articles were widely syndicated in the US.

8
. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment, p. 5: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

9
. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment, ‘Moscow 1921’, pp. 5 and 7: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

10
. I. Litvinov, ‘Oral History’, p. 1: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 1.

11
.
Ibid.

12
. I. Litvinov, transcription of taped conversation in 1960 about settling in Russia, p. 5: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3.

13
.
Ibid.
, pp. 8–9.

14
.
Ibid.
, p. 10.

15
.
Ibid.
, p. 3.

16
. M. E. Harrison,
Marooned in Moscow: The Story of an American Woman Imprisoned in Russia
, p. 247.

17
. R. Service,
Lenin: A Political Life
, vol. 3, pp. 247–8.

18
.
I. Litvinov, ‘Mysli o nevozrashchenii iz Ameriki, 1942’: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 3, p. 1.

19
. V. A. Maklakov to B. A. Bakhmetev, 7 December 1920: ‘
Sovershenno lichno i
doveritel’no!’: B. A. Bakhmetev–V. A. Maklakov: perepiska
, vol. 1, p. 300.

20
. B. A. Bakhmetev to V. A. Maklakov, 20 January 1920:
ibid
., p. 152.

21
. See the revelation of the leadership’s assumptions in Zinoviev’s speech (confidential printed version) to the joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of 29 July–9 August 1927: RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 317 (V-iii), p. 22.

Postscript

1
. I. Litvinov, ‘Oral History: Ivy Litvinov’, pp. 6–10: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 1; ‘Being English in Moscow’, pp. 7–8: box 9, folder 9.