Smuggler Nation (82 page)

Mann, James R.,
204
–05

Marcy, William L.,
122

marijuana (cannabis)

counterculture movement,
273
–74

criminalization of,
9
,
253
,
267
–69,
268
,
287
,
409
n
47

domestic production,
281
,
289

law enforcement efforts,
2
,
275
,
276
,
277
,
287
,
289

legality in early
20
th century,
254

legalization arguments,
287
,
340
–41

Mexican production,
275
,
276
,
277
,
308

Paraquat incident,
276
,
277

profits,
273

smuggling of,
273
–74

Marijuana Tax Act,
268

Marryat, Frederick,
228

Marseille, Fr.,
271
–72,
308

Martinique,
50
,
52
,
54
–55

Martin, James Kirby,
119

Maryland,
48
,
76
,
166
–67,
363
n
13

Mason, Philip,
243

Massachusetts

and British crackdown on smuggling,
34

colonial smuggling,
14

and Embargo Act,
76

and Prohibition,
241

rum distilleries,
19

seizures of smuggling ships,
35

textile industry,
111

and War of 1812,
87
–88

See also
Boston, Mass.

Matamoros, Mex.,
162
,
165
,
172
,
316

Mathews, Jessica,
330

Matson, Cathy,
21

Mayflower,
228

McCaffrey, Barry,
317
,
319

McCain, John,
283

McCoy, Alfred,
276

McCoy, Bill,
238
–39

McCullough, Kenneth Bruce,
401
n
40,
401
n
60

McKenney, Thomas L.,
121

McKenzie, Kenneth,
124

McKeown, Adam M.,
399
n
20

McNeel, Sterling,
148

McPherson, James,
165
,
388
n
10

Medellin cartel,
280
,
289

Medellin, Colombia,
1
,
278
–80

Meissner, Doris,
302
,
305
,
307

Mellon, Andrew,
263

Memphis, Tenn., during Civil War,
167
,
168

Mencken, H.L.,
233

methamphetamines,
315
,
328

Metropolitan Museum of Art,
338

Mexican-American War,
217
,
292

Mexican migrants

and antidrug laws,
257
,
267

anti-immigrant backlash,
299
–301

border enforcement crackdown of 1990s,
301
–04

Bracero Program,
296
–97

during Mexican Revolution,
294
,
296

ease of border crossing in early years,
221
,
225
–26,
296
–98

employer sanctions,
297
,
298
,
299
–300

and Great Depression,
267
,
296

immigration controls (1960s-1970s),
297
,
298

impact of economic downturn,
326
–27

incomes,
298
–99

numbers entering U.S.,
304
,
416
n
34

Operation Wetback,
297

paperwork,
299
–300

professional smugglers for,
292
,
296
,
297
–98,
304
–06,
325
–26,
335

smuggling fees,
304
–05,
307

work opportunities,
9
,
296
,
297
,
299

See also
U.S.-Mexico border

Mexican Revolution,
222
,
225
,
294
,
296

Mexico

Chinese residents,
218
,
219
,
221
,
222

Civil War trading,
162
–63

drugs,

Camarena affair,
310
–12

cocaine trafficking,
309
,
312
,
313
,
315
,
318
,
336
,
416
n
45

heroin production,
276
,
308
,
312
,
328
,
336

interdiction efforts,
308
–09,
312
–20,
327
–29,
420
n
98

marijuana trafficking,
275
,
276
,
277
,
308
,
309
,
312
,
316
,
328

methamphetamine trafficking,
315
,
328

murders,
327
,
329
,
420
n
104

opium production,
308
,
309
,
316

police corruption,
316
–17

trafficking,
263
,
273
–74,
275
,
296
,
310
–11,
313
,
327

during westward expansion,
6
,
208

fugitive slaves,
131
,
149
–50,
292

independence from Spain,
147
,
148

Mexican Revolution,
222
,
225
,
294
,
296

protectionist economic policies,
295

slave trade,
147
–48

Texas Revolution,
148

See also
Mexican migrants; Texas (Mexico); U.S.-Mexico border

Meyer, Kathryn,
266

Miami tribe,
126

Michigan,
120
,
152
–53

See also
Detroit, Mich.

Middleton, Henry,
147

migrant smuggling

“bootlegged immigrants,”
224
,
403
n
86

dangers of,
351

See also
Chinese migrants; immigration control; Mexican migrants

Mississippi,
89
,
120
,
144

Mississippi River,
48

Missouri,
122
,
127
,
139
,
166

Missouri River,
121
,
123
,
124
,
125
,
127

Mitchell, David B.,
146

Mitchell, Superintendent,
127

Mobile, Ala.,
159
,
237

molasses

role in American Revolution,
15
,
227

smuggling of,
4
,
15
,
17
–19,
36
,
227

trade with Haiti,
71

trade with West Indies,
17
–18,
19

use in rum production,
4
,
15
,
19
,
36
,
227

See also
Molasses Act; rum

Molasses Act,
16
,
17
–18,
21
,
31
–32

See also
Sugar Act

Monroe, James,
82
,
139
,
147

Montagu, John,
20

Montreal, QB,
85
,
184
,
200
,
246

Moody, Paul,
111

Moore, Joseph Solomon,
184

Morgan, Edmund S.,
362
n
4

Morgan, Helen M.,
362
n
4

Morgenson, Gretchen,
424
n
8

Morone, James,
206
,
248
,
358
n
10

morphine

addiction,
256

drug trade,
263

legality in early
20
th century,
254
–55

Supreme Court rulings,
261
–62

Morrill, Justin,
171

Morris, Robert,
52
–54,
53

Moultrie, William,
45
,
46

Moylan, Stephen,
47

Musto, David,
254
,
409
n
47

Myers, Gustavus,
382
n
45

NAFTA.
See
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Naim, Moises,
330
,
358
n
4,
420
n
3

Napoleonic Wars,
67
–68,
70
–71,
374
n
5

Napolitano, Janet,
322
–23

Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act (Jones-Miller Act),
263

Nassau, Bahamas

Civil War blockade-running,
161
–62,
161
,
168
,
172
,
236
,
280

during Prohibition,
236
–38,
280

National Defense Authorization Act,
284
–85

National Guard

on border patrol,
321

drug war,
285
,
288
–89,
314

National Institute on Drug Abuse,
277

Native Americans

drinking patterns,
117

fur trade,
6
,
9
,
19
,
115
–25,
116
,
129
,
227
,
380
n
3,
381
n
41,
382
n
42,
382
n
45

government annuity payments,
125

government relocations,
126
–27

illegal squatters on lands of,
6
,
210

impact of alcohol on,
115
,
117
,
118
–19,
120
,
125
,
127
,
129

prohibitions on alcohol sales to,
19
,
115
,
116
–18,
119
,
120
–22,
123
–24,
125
,
128
,
381
n
25,
382
n
45

treaty negotiations,
115
,
118
–19,
125
–26,
128
,
382
n
52

whiskey sales to,
125
,
127
–28

See also
Westward expansion

Navarro Lara, Alfredo,
317

Nelson, Horatio,
65

Netherlands,
55
,
192

See also
Holland; St. Eustatius

New Brunswick, Ca.,
77
,
172
–73,
372
n
60

New England

personal liberty legislation,
152
–53

shipbuilding,
18
,
133
,
141

textile industry,
109
–10

and War of 1812,
87
–88,
375
n
30

See also individual states

New Jersey,
39
,
57
,
76
,
106
,
241

New Orleans, La.

American Revolution,
48

Battle of New Orleans,
83
,
89
,
94
–96,
346

Civil War,
159
,
166
,
167
,
170

Embargo era,
77
,
97

Gilded Age,
182
,
186
–87

merchants of,
89

19th-century customs,
12

pirate-smugglers,
83
,
89
–92,
144

Prohibition,
237

sex trafficking,
203

slave trade,
144
,
145

See also
Laffite, Jean; Laffite, Pierre

Newport, R.I.,
19
–20,
50
,
138

New South Wales (Australia),
66

New York (State)

and Embargo Act,
75
,
76

as gateway for Chinese migrants,
216
–17

molasses trade,
36

and Prohibition,
246

smuggling during War of 1812,
86

New York, N.Y.

Civil War trade,
172
,
173

colonial smuggling,
13

cotton trade,
133

customs during age of protectionism,
178
–79,
182
–83

drug trade,
262
–65

during Revolutionary War,
50
,
57
–58,
59

during Seven Years War,
27
,
28

Prohibition,
232
–33

Rothstein corruption case,
263
–65

and Rum Row,
237
–38,
241

slave trade,
140

New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,
193
–95,
195
,
199