Sisters in Law (59 page)

   
and O'Connor, 135, 136–37

   
as swing vote for Ginsburg, 90–91

   
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
, 98, 100–101

   
and whites-only country club membership, 138

Powell, “Mims,” 135

preclearance process, Voting Rights Act, 288

pregnancy discrimination, 14, 59, 60, 78, 81, 82, 261–62

Price Waterhouse, 178–79

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
, 178–80, 182–83, 285

protective institutions, harm from, 143, 287

protective legislation for women, 28, 37–38, 47, 52–53, 86

P.S. 238, Brooklyn, New York, 6

psychological injury standard, 165–66, 216–17, 218

Pulliam, Eugene C., 19

Pyles, Carol, 60

racial social movement

   
overview, xvi, 30–31, 169

   
and affirmative action, 169, 286–87

   
and Civil Rights Act, xvii

   
and country clubs, 137–38

   
discrimination allowed by Supreme Court, 70

   
exclusion of women, 37–38

   
and Fourteenth Amendment, 35

   
Ginsburg on racial minority, 204–5

   
and jury of peers concept, 90

   
and jury service, 224

   
Rehnquist vs., 117–18

   
and schools, 144–45

   
sex segregation as weapon against, 140

   
Sotomayor's insights, 301

   
whites-only club memberships, 137–38

   
See also
affirmative action; Civil Rights Act

Ragsdale, Lincoln, 137

Rasmussen, Irene, 48, 50

Rasmussen, Rachel, 50

Rathbun, Harry, 7–9, 258

rational basis of review.
See
strict-scrutiny vs. rational basis standard of review

“RBGuicy” video, 290–91

Reagan, Ronald, xiv, 123, 130, 131–32

Redding, Safford School District v.
, 276

Redding, Savanna, 276

Reed v. Reed
, 34–35, 36, 39–44, 70, 71, 141–42

Rehnquist, William,
197

   
overview, 117–18, 121

   
Bush v. Gore
, 256

   
clerkship and job, easily found, 18, 19

   
and
Craig v. Boren
, 107

   
on employees' right to sue employers for damages, 265

   
and Ginsburg, 223

   
Meritor Savings Bank
,
FSB v. Vinson
, 166–67

   
Nixon's appointment of, 75

   
and O'Connor, 118–21

   
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
, 191, 192

   
thyroid cancer diagnosis, 267

   
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
, 188–89

   
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld
, 96–97, 101

religion and abortion rights, 150–52

Religious Freedom Restoration Act (1993), 293

Reno, Janet, 206

reproduction, burden of, 82, 295

Reproductive Health Services
,
Webster v.
, 186–90

reproductive rights, 81, 185, 187–90, 193–94.
See also
abortion issue; anti-abortion movement

Republican Party

   
anti-abortion shift, 130, 151

   
and ERA, 49, 122–23, 130

   
New Right, 186

   
in Texas, 126

Richardson
,
Frontiero v.
, 69–77, 97, 142–43

Rigelman, Diana, 39–40

right-to-life movement.
See
anti-abortion movement

Roberts, John, 267–68, 287–88

Roberts, Sylvia, 63–64

Robinson, Spottswood, 163

Rockefeller Foundation award, 108–9

Roe v. Wade
, 60–61, 62

   
Court of Appeals for Third Circuit refusing to follow
Roe v. Wade
, 190–91

   
and Ginsburg, 61

   
Ginsburg on, 204–5

   
and O'Connor, 60, 153–54, 184, 189

   
religious organizations vs., 150–52

   
and Stewart, 151–52

   
Supreme Court decision, 62, 78, 80

   
and
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
, 188–90

Rogers, Judith, 231

Rosenblatt, Paul, 124–25

Rosen, Jeffrey, 256

Rossi, Alice, 46

Rutgers Law School, Camden, New Jersey, 22–23, 25–30

   
integration of, 57

Ruth Bader Ginsburg archive, Library of Congress, 27

Sachs, Albert, 20–21

Safford School District v. Redding
, 276

Salzburg, Austria, 19

same-sex marriage, 64–65

Santa Clara Transportation Authority, Johnson v.
, 170–72, 208–9

Scalia, Antonin

   
and abortion issue, 188

   
on affirmative action, 119

   
and Bush, George W., 257

   
Bush v. Gore
, 256

   
constitutional interpretation, 209–10

   
on Fourteenth Amendment, 283

   
and Ginsburg, xxii

   
J.E.B. v. Alabama
, 229

   
and Kennedy, 193

   
United States v. Virginia
, 243

Schafran, Lynn Hecht, 113, 134

Schizer, David, 211, 212

Schlafly, Phyllis, 49, 83, 186

Schlanger, Margo, 211, 212

Schlesinger v. Ballard
, 89–90, 227

schools

   
Brown v. Board of Education
, 40, 117–18, 140, 144–45, 273

   
illegal search of a young girl, 276

   
integration of, 55–56, 138, 139–40, 141, 237

   
sexual harassment of students, 246–48, 276

   
See also
specific schools

Schrag, Philip, 84

Schroeder, Mary, 129, 132

Schwab, Stewart, 158

Second Shift, The
(Hochschild), 28

Secretary of Defense, Struck v.
, 61–62, 188

self-realization concept, 7, 8–9

Setear, John, 174–75

severe psychological injury standard, 165–66, 216–17, 218

sex discrimination

   
overview, 84, 163, 233–34

   
Brennan raising the standard sex discrimination laws, 107

   
burden of reproduction, 82, 295

   
and Civil Rights Act, 246–47

   
Clark's memo to Powell on upcoming Supreme Court cases, 88–90, 98–99

   
Craig v. Boren
, 105–8, 142

   
drinking age in Oklahoma, 105–8

   
Frontiero v. Richardson
, 69–77, 97, 142–43

   
in girls intramural sports, 265–66

   
Hishon v. King & Spalding
, 157, 158–60, 161

   
J.E.B. v. Alabama
, 224–28

   
and judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, 209

   
Kahn v. Shevin
, 85–87, 96–98, 99

   
at law firms/partnerships, 157, 158–60, 161

   
Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber
, 274–76

   
men filing complaints, 143–44

   
for pregnancy, 14, 59, 60, 78, 81, 82, 261–62

   
presumption that women were dependent on spouses and men were not, 71

   
sex segregation as weapon against racial integration, 140

   
stay-at-home dads as indolent, 98–99

   
Supreme Court justices' refusal to hire women as clerks, 21, 37

   
Utah law on child support for boys vs. girls, 105

   
woman's responsibility for proving, 182–83

   
against women who contributed to Social Security and died, 98–99, 100–101

   
See also
Ginsburg's strategy for equality feminism;
Hogan v. Mississippi;
Reed v. Reed;
United States v. Virginia;
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld

sex discrimination in jury service

   
Duren v. Missouri
, 111, 227

   
Edwards v. Healy
, 90

   
effect of, 170–71

   
Ginsburg's strategy for equality, 90

   
Hoyt v. Florida
, 36, 90, 91–93

   
J.E.B. v. Alabama
, 224–29

sex-integration of schools, 55–56, 237. See also
Hogan v. Mississippi;
United States v. Virginia

sexual equality

   
overview, xiii–xiv

   
equating to racial equality, 40–44, 88–89, 95, 104, 264

   
for men, 22, 26

   
at Virginia Military Institute, xi–xii

   
See also
feminist movement; sex discrimination

sexual harassment

   
overview, 162–68, 172–73

   
adoption of Ginsburg's standard, 221

   
clarifying abusive work environment, 218

   
and EEOC, 164, 216, 217

   
lower court opinions, 215, 216, 218

   
Meritor Savings Bank
,
FSB v. Vinson
, 164–68, 216

   
severe psychological injury standard, 165–66, 216–17, 218

   
sex-based descriptions of how to get promoted, 178–80

   
of students, 246–48

   
Vance v. Ball State
, 284

Shapiro, Alexandra, 212

Shelby County v. Holder
, 287–88, 289

Shevin, Kahn v.
, 85–87, 96–98, 99

Shulman, Alix Kate, 27–28

slaves, women compared to in literature, 40

Smeal, Eleanor, 133–34

Smit, Hans, 21

Smith, Chesterfield, 110

Smith, William French, 131

social change

   
in 1960s, 24, 25–30

   
in 1970s, 65–66

   
in 1980s, 148–49, 161–64

   
in 1990s, 234–35

   
and abortion battles, 185–90

   
See also
racial social movement

social revolution through law, xvi, xviii

Social Security widows preferences, 103–4. See also
Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld

sodomy laws, 260

Sotomayor, Sonia, 277, 300–301

Souter, David, 190, 192–94,
197

Spaeth, Carl, 12

Spann, William, 111

Stanford Law School, Stanford, California, 12–14

Stanford University, Stanford, California, 5, 7–9

Stanton v. Stanton
, 105

Starr, Kenneth, 132

Steinem, Gloria, 214

Stenberg v. Carhart
, 250–53, 296

stereotypes and stereotyping

   
overview, 252–53

   
effect of women as caregivers, 283

   
Kennedy on women as natural parents, 263–64

   
O'Connor on, 264

   
of parents' relationships to children, 249

   
sex-role stereotyping vs. sexual equality, 26, 28–29, 83, 86, 100, 142, 234

Stern, Paula, 45

Stevens, John Paul,
197

   
Califano v. Goldfarb
, 104

   
Ferguson v. Charleston
, 262

   
Hishon v. King & Spalding
, 159

   
Miller v. Albright
, 246–47

   
nomination to Supreme Court, 127

   
on O'Connor, xv

   
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
, 186–90

   
and women on the Supreme Court, 151

Stewart, Potter, 42, 137, 151

Stoessel, Mary Ann, 255

Stone, Geoffrey, 44, 75

Strausbaugh, Toni, 59–60

strict-scrutiny vs. rational basis standard of review

   
overview, 36, 41–42, 70

   
Ginsburg's argument in
Frontiero v. Richardson
, 75–77

   
and tax break for widows, 86–87

   
and
United States v. Virginia
school sex-segregation case, 239

   
See also
Ginsburg's strategy for building women's equality

Stromseth, Jane, 187

Struck, Susan, 61

Struck v. Secretary of Defense
, 61–62, 188

“Subjection of Women, The” (Mill), 243