Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon (81 page)

51. Bear, 2000, pp. 135, 142.

52. Emmons, 1997, pp. 170-171; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 50-52 n. 87.

53. Emmons, 1997, p. 170.

54. Moran, 1993, PP. 106-107.

55. Nugent, 1994, P. 123.

56. Calvo, 198i/i995b, P. 241; Cebrian, 2005, p. 167; Dobkin de Rios, 1972b, p. 81;
Luna, 1986c, pp. 84-86; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 37, 74. For legends and
stories about dolphins as spirits and lovers, see Slater, 1994.

57. Kricher, 1997, p. 206.

58. Calvo, 198I/I995b, P. 3.

59. Brown, 1986, p. 156.

6o. Bear, 2000, p. 42.

61. Kricher, 1997, p. 206.

62. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 116-118 n. 168; Nugent, 1994, P. 124.

63. Luna, 1986c, p. 86, 1992, P. 241.

64. Cetacean Specialist Group, 1996; Pearson & Beletsky, 2008, p. 227.

CHAPTER 29

i. Trotter & Chavira,1997, PP. 85-86.

2. For example, see Wisechild, 2001.

3. Trotter & Chavira, 1997, PP. 98-99.

4. Buchanan, 1938/1991, PP. 33-34; Gould, 2000.

5. Quoted in Arber, 1938/1987, Pp. 250-251.

6. Crellin & Philpott, 1990, p. 14; Knight, 2002.

7. Knight, 2002, p. 238.

8. Balee, 1994, PP. 102-104.

9. Heaven & Charing, 2006, p. 141-

io. For an extended and illuminating discussion, see Hahn, 1995, PP. 40-56. On
Western culture-bound disorders, see Helman, 1990, Pp. 235-236; Littlewood
& Lipsedge, 1987. For a postmodernist critique of the concept, see Morsy, 1996,
p. 23.

ii. For example, Kay, 1993; Kiev, 1968; Koss-Chiono, 1993; Logan, 1993; Pachter,
1993; Trotter & Chavira, 1997; Weller, Pachter, Trotter, & Baer, 1993.

12. Compare the lists given for Mexicans along the Texas border by Trotter (1981),
for Peruvians by Dobkin de Rios (1992, P. 48), for urban Mexican Americans by
Martinez and Martin (1979), and for Central Americans by Murguia, Peterson, and
Zea (2003). For Honduran explanations of diarrhea, see Kendall, 1990; Kendall,
Foote, & Martorell, 1983, 1984; Pelto, Bentley, & Pelto, 1990, pp. 260-261.

13. Hill, 1992, pp. 194-198; Wright & Hill, 1992, pp. 281-282. For an Aguaruna parallel syndrome of ishbmkamu, fright, but probably without soul loss, see Brown,
1986, p. 56.

14. For example, Helman, 1990, pp. 236-237; McElroy & Townsend, 1996, P. 273;
O'Nell, 1975; O'Nell & Rubel, 1976; Rubel, 1964; Rubel, O'Nell, & Collado-Ardon,
1984.

15. Luna, 1986c, p. 133.

16. Hahn, 1995, P. 14.

17. Luna, 1986c, p.133.

18. McElroy& Townsend, 1996, P. 273.

19. Rubel etal.,1984.

20. Calvo, 198i/i995b, p. 201.

21. Good & Kleinman, 1985, P. 315.

22. See Dobkin de Rios, 1972b, p. 87-

23. Holland & Courtney, 1998, P. 53; McElroy & Townsend, 1996, PP. 104, 352.

24. See generally Kearney, 1976.

25. Kamppinen, 1997, PP. 13-14-

26. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 104.

27. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 58 n. 103, 74.

28. Good, 1994, PP- 101-102.

29. Browner, 1985; Escobar, Salazar, & Chung, 1983; Graham, 1976; Kay, 1977; Kendall etal., 1983; Nations & Rebhun, 1988; Rubel, 1960, 1966; Scheper-Hughes,
1988; Schreiber & Homiak, 1981.

30. Strathern & Stewart, 1999, p. 16.

31. McElroy & Townsend, 1996, p. 103.

32. Trotter & Chavira, 1997, pp. 16-17.

33. Schultes & Raffauf,1990, PP. 424-425. Chiricsanango is widely used among indigenous peoples in the Amazon to treat fevers (Schultes & Raffauf, 1990, P. 425),
but this is undoubtedly due to the sensation of chills produced by the plant, and I
know of no indigenous theorizing about hot and cold qualities of either sicknesses
or medicines.

34. Lamb, 1985, PP. 174-175.

CHAPTER 30

i. See also Luna, 1986c, p. 89.

2. The figures for 2003 are Roman Catholic, 81 percent; Seventh Day Adventist, 1.4
percent; other Christian, 0.7 percent; other, o.6 percent; unspecified or none, 16.3
percent (Central Intelligence Agency, 2006).

3. Chibnik, 1994, P. 90.

4. Gill, 1998, p. 8o.

5. Holligan de Diaz-Limaco, 1998, P. 73; see generally Minaya, 1995.

6. Green, 2oo6, p. 200.

7. Gill, 1998, P. 85-

8. Chibnik, 1994, P. 90.

9. Gill, 1998, p. 88.

io. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 15o.

ii. Segal, 1999, P. 71.

12. Quoted in Charing, 2007a.

13. Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, p. 59.

14. Gill, 1998, pp. 68, 208.

15. An excellent review and a discussion of these items are in Yronwrode, 2000,
2003a.

16. La Santa cruz de Caravaca: Tesoro de oraciones, 2005, pp. 123, 126-127, 129; my
translation.

17. Taussig, 1987, P. 259.

18. Taussig, 1987, pp. 146, 259, 261.

i9. Perruchon, 2003, P. 243.

20. El Libro de San Cipriano y Santa Justina, 2006, p. 37-

CHAPTER 31

i. Comaroff& Comaroff, 1993, P. xi.

2. Luna & Amaringo, 1993•

3. Amos, 1994; Dunn, 1998; Mikewhy, 2000; "Oliver's acid trip down memory lane,"
2006; Otis, 2008; Riddle, 1994; Riordan, 1995, P. 429; Sting, 2003, p. 14.

4. Allende, 2008, pp. 210-213; Matthiessen, 1965, pp. 87-104; Theroux, 2005,
pp. 77-101; Walker, 2004, PP. 51-53.

5. Simon, 199o, Track 9.

6. Bongie, 1998, p. 12.

7. Starn, 1999, P. 222.

8. Bongie, 1998, p. 26.

9. See Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 34-36, 41.

1o. Siskind, 1973a, p. 147.

ii. Luna, 1986c, p. 93.

12. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 35.

13. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 77-

14. Bear, 2000, pp. 25, 211.

15. Chevalier, 1982, PP- 370, 373, 398-399, 404.

16. Luna, 1986c, p. iio.

17. Calvo, 198I/I995b, p. 192.

18. Chevalier, 1982, PP. 398, 404.

19. Chevalier, 1982, PP- 352-353, 36o, 369.

20. Siskind, 1973a, p. 162.

21. Chaumeil,1983/2000, pp. 321-324; my translation.

22. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 72, 78, 82, 96, 98, 102, 122, 124, 128, 130,
132, 140, 142.

23. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 118-

24. Reichel-Dolmatoff,1975, p. 100.

25. Dobkin de Rios, 1992.

26. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP- 72, 104, 114, 120.

27. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 104. We may also perhaps see the Indic word kundalini
in the name of the spirit King Kundal and a reference to the Sakya clan, from
which the Buddha came, in a "celebrated king of the Sakias" and a "great Chinese
guru ... from the great family of the Sakias" (Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 80,
104).

28. Sinchi Ayahuasca, 2004.

29. Dobkin de Rios, 1969, 1972b, pp. 88-89, 2006.

30. Perruchon, 2003, P. 255.

P. Luna & Amaringo, 1993; see Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, pp. 307-308.

32. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 29.

33. Krippner, 2000, p. 200.

34. Luna, 1991b.

35•Labbe,'999.

36. Perreault, 1998.

37. Chilvers, 1998, P. 427; Goethals, 1990.

38. Luna & Amaringo, 1993•

39. Rivas, 1998.

40. La Rosa, Pandura, Campos, & Sinuiri, 2003.

41. Charing, 2007b; Del Rio, 2005, 2006, 2007. A good example of the style is
Del Rio, 2003.

42. A good example of the sound is Maestro Ayahuasquero, 2oo6. It is also possible
to compare the same icaro with (Maestro Ayahuasquero, 2007) and without
(Flores, 2005b) the instrumental setting. See also Flores, 2005a, 2005c; Flores
& Maestro Ayahuasquero, 2007.

43. Cristina & Kopper, 2oo6.

44• Mahua, 2002, Track 2.

45. See, for example, Perkins, 2005, p. 209.

46. Voget,1984.

47. Znamenski, 2007, p. 302.

48. Perruchon, 2003, p. 177.

49• Perruchon, 2003, pp. 177-181.

50. Schultes & Raffauf,1992, PP. 154-157. See generally Glass-Coffin, 1998;
Joralemon & Sharon, 1993; Sharon, 1972.

51. On Calderon, seeJoralemon, 1990; Joralemon & Sharon, 1993; Sharon, 1972.

52. Quoted in Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, pp. 48-49.

CHAPTER 32

i. Bhabha, 1994, P• 107-

2. Slater, 1995, P.118.

3. IZingsolver,1998, P. 5•

4. Ackerman, 2001, pp. 228-229.

5. Blank& Bogan, 1984, P. 56.

6. Cronon, 1998, P. 486; Denevan, 1992/1998, P. 422.

7. For example, Newman, 2000; Silcock, 1990.

8. Gomez-Pompa & Kaus, 1992/1998, P. 299.

9. Uhl et al., 1998, P. 30.

,o. Slater, 1995, P. 127.

11. McGrane, 1989, p. 110.

12. Ramos, 1998, p. 71.

13. For a general review ofAmazonian stereotypes, see Nugent, 2007.

14. Errington, 1998, p. 115.

15. Ramos, 1998, p. 16.

16. McGrane, 1989, Pp. 25-26.

17. Gandhi, 1998, P. 32.

18. Dubin, 2001, p.140.

19. Quoted in Sasser, 1983, P. 91.

20. Dilworth, 1996, p. 8.

21. Dubin, 2001, p. 131.

22. McGrane, 1989, p. io8.

23. Slater, 1995, PP. 115, 129.

24. Dobkin de Rios, 1994; Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, pp. 69-85; Elton, 1999;
Grunwell, 1998; Joralemon, 1990; Luna, 2003; Ott, 1996, pp. 244, 254; Proctor,
2001; Rumrril, 1996; Stuart, 2002. For an excellent description of "mystical tourism" in general, see Znamenski, 2007, pp. 155-164.

25. Puma Shamanic Journeys, 2002.

26. Blue Morpho Tours, 2003.

27. Saldanha, 2007, pp. 6,12,14.

28. These terms are quoted from discussions among participants on the Ayahuasca
Tribe, http://ayahuasca.tribe.net/, during the first four months of 2008.

29. Winkelman, 2005.

30. Harris, 2008, p. 79.

31. Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, pp. 73-74.

32. Dobkin de Rios, 1994; Dobkin de Rios & Rumrrill, 2008, pp. 70, 74.

33. Luna, 2003.

34. Joralemon, 1990, p. iio.

35. G6mez-Pena, 2000, p. 37; Shoemaker, 1997b, p. 40.

36. Proctor, 2001.

37. In the interests of full disclosure, I point out that Howard Lawler is a good friend
of mine and has been a great help to me both personally and in the writing of this
book.

CHAPTER 33

i. Controlled Substances Act, 21 USC §812(b)(i), §812(c), Schedule I(c)(6).

2. Controlled Substances Act, 21 USC S841(b)(i)(C).

3. Controlled Substances Act, 21 USC §812(c), Schedule I(c).

4. For example, Drug Enforcement Administration, 1993, P. 4317.

5. Drug Enforcement Administration, 1993.

6. State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219, 243 (1926), p.1o67.

7. State v. Big Sheep, p.1073.

8. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1878).

9. Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944)•

10. Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599 (1961).

11. Sherbert V. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), P• 406.

12. Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972).

13. People v. Woody, 61 Cal. 2d 716, 394 P.2d 813, 40 Cal. Rptr. 69 (1964).

14. United States v. Kuch, 288 F. Supp. 439 (D.D.C. 1968); Kennedy v. Bureau of Narcotics
and Dangerous Drugs, 459 F.2d 415 (9th Cir. 1972); NativeAmerican Church ofNew York
v. United States, 468 F. Supp. 1247 (S.D.N.Y. 1979). For example, in California alone,
People V. Mitchell, 244 Cal. App. 2d 176, 52 Cal. Rptr 884 (Ct. App. 1966); People v.
Collins, 273 Cal. App 2d 486, 78 Cal. Rptr. 151 (1969); and People v. Mullins, 50 Cal.
App. 3d 61, 123 Cal. Rptr. 201(1975)•

15. State ofOregon v. Soto, 21 Or. App. 792 (1975), P. 792.

16. Smith v. Employment Division, Department of Human Resources, 301 Or. 209 (1986), pp.
217-219.

17. Employment Division v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), p. 885 (citations omitted).

18. Including me. Ten years before Smith, I had observed the judicial trend toward
religious accommodation and predicted-incorrectly-that it would continue
(Beyer, 1980).

19. City ofBoerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997).

20. State of Kansas v. McBride, 24 Kan. App. 2d 909 (1998).

21. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft, 282 F.Supp.2d 1236 (2002), p.
1240; 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft, 342 F.3d 1170 (loth Cir.
2003), p. 1174; Gonzales v. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, 546 U.S. 418
(2006), p. 425.

22. Grob, 1999; Grob etal., 1996.

23. Luna, 2003.

24. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft (2002); 0 Centro Espirito
Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft (2003).

25. Gonzales v. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal.

26. Gonzales v. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal, p. 439.

27. Mazzetti, 2008.

28. Gorman, 2001.

29. Rumrril, 1996.

30. Rumrril, 1996.

31. Rankin, 2002a, 2002b.

32. Noriega, 2ooia.

33. Noriega, 2oolb.

34. Noriega, 20010.

35. Gorman, 2005.

36. Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics, 2003; Rankin, 2002a, 2002b.

37. Rankin, 2oo2a; Shoemaker, 2005a.

38. 42 USC § 2ooobb-1; 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft (2002).

39. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft (2003).

40. Rumrril, 1996.

41. 0 Centro Espirito Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Ashcroft (2002), pp. 1248-1250-

42. Shoemaker, 2005a.

43• Shoemaker, 2005b.

44• Shoemaker, 2006.

45• Shoemaker, 2002.

46. Shoemaker, 2003.

47. Beynon, 1993; Boire, 1994; Dawson, 2007, pp. 70-71; Labrousse & Laniel,
2001, p. 134; Trimble, 2003.

48. Labrousse & Laniel, 2001, pp. 134-135; Trimble, 2003.

49• In the Matter ofFijneman, 2001; Labrousse & Laniel, 2001, p. 135; Trimble, 2003.

50. Labrousse & Laniel, 2001, pp. 133-135•

51. In the Matter ofBauchet, 2005, pp. 4-8; Labrousse & Laniel, 2001, p. 135.

52. In the Matter of Bauchet, 2005, pp. 17-18-

53. Ministere des solidarites, de la saute et de la famille, 2005.

54. U.N. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, Preamble.

55. U.N. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971, Article 2(4)(b).

56. U.N. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Status of Treaty Adherence, 2008.