Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon (80 page)

II. Ott, 1997, p. 81-

12. Wilbert, 1991, p. 185. See generally Wilbert, 1987, pp. 162-171; Wright, 1992.

13. Fouldes & Toone, 1995; Scurlock& Lucas, 1996.

14. Berlin & Antheneli, 2001.

15. Everitt & Robbins, 1997; Wesnes & Revell, 1984; Wesnes & Warburton, 1984-

16. Patkar et al., 2002; see also Arehart-Treichel, 2002.

17. Schultes & Raffauf, 1992, P. 87-

18. Bear, 2000, p. 204.

19. Balee, 1994, P. 29.

20. Chaumeil, 1983/2000, p. 71.

21. See Castonguay, 1990, P. 25.

22. Balee, 1994, P. 29; Chaumeil, 1983/2000, p. 71.

23. Calvo, 198I/I995b, p. xii.

24. See Gow, 2001, p. 136.

25. Bristol, Evans, & Lampard, 1969; Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 33; Yasumoto,
1996, P. 242.

26. Grossman, 2008.

27. See generally Arouko et al., 2003; Birmes et al., 2002; Chan, 2002; Marc et al.,
2007-

28. Ziegler & Tonjes, 1991; Perrine, 1996, p. 178; Novartis Consumer Health, Inc., 1998.

29. Lewin, 1931/1964, quoted in Schultes & Raffauf, 1992, P. 57.

30. Marc et al., 2007.

31. Centers for Disease Control, 1996.

32. Davis, 1996, p. 146; Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 72; Schultes & Raffauf,
1990, P. 421.

33. Bear, 2000, p. 143.

34. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, pp. 72-73.

35. Taussig, 1987, P. 456; ellipses in original.

36. Harper, 1971, p. 138.

37. See Taussig, 1987, p. 408-

38. Schultes & Raffauf, 1990, PP. 424-425.

39. Castner, Timme, & Duke, 1998, P. 29.

40. See Plowman, 1977-

41. Schultes & Raffauf,1992, P. 36.

42. Calvo, 198I/I995b, P. 211.

43. Frohne & Pfander, 2005, p. 183; Nellis, 1997, PP. 174-175-

44• Duke & Vasquez, 1994, p. 89; Mejia & Rengifo, 2000, pp. 6o-6i; Schultes
& Raffauf,1990, p. i8o.

45. Luna, 1992, P. 237.

46. Luna, 1986c, p. 102; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, p. 1o8 n. 156; Schultes & Raffauf,
199o, P. 18o.

47. Bear, 2000, p. 134.

48. Bear, 2000, pp. 144-145-

49. Castner etal., 1998, P. 79; Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 112; Mejia & Rengifo,
2000, pp. 20-21.

5o. Taylor, 2oo6a.

51. Hiraoka, 1995, P. 213.

52. See Lumby, 2000.

53. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

54. For a collection of recipes for the ayahuasca drink as prepared by ten different
mestizo shamans, see L6pez Vinatea, 2000, pp. 23-24; on "additive plants"
generally, see McKenna, Luna, & Towers, 1995.

55. Cebrian, 2005, p. 4z n. 34; Chaumeil, 1983/2000, p. 321; L6pez Vinatea,
2000, p. 23; Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 7.

56. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 48.

57. Cebrian, 2005, pp. 197-198; Luna, 1986c, p. 67.

58. Sammarco & Palazzolo, 2002.

59. Taylor, 2oo6b.

6o. Duke & Vasquez, 1994, P. 92; Schultes & Raffauf, 199o, p. 8o.

61. Heaven & Charing, 2006, p.140.

62. Luna, 1984b, p. 146.

CHAPTER 26

i. Quoted in Onnie-Hay, 2006.

2. Muratorio, 1991, cover illustration and Figure 4; Taussig, 1987, Pp. 295-303. Typically, Taussig presents these silleros-the word comes from silla, chair-as debased
and exploited by their employment, while Muratorio reports them as proud of their
strength and skill and contemptuous of their cargoes.

3.Oberem, 1974; Lowie, 1948, P. 29; Taussig, 1987, pp. 284-285. See generally Rios
Zanartu, 1999, PP. 54-59.

4. Sheldon & Balick, 1995, P. 50.

5. For an excellent history of this era, see Stanfield, 1998.

6. Luna, 1986c, pp. 26, 28.

7. Descola, 1993/1996, p. 360.

8. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 335; Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 78.

9. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 342.

io. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 343.

11. Perruchon, 2003, P. 244.

12. Siskind, 1973a, p. 166.

13. Taussig, 1987, p. 179.

14. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 75.

15. IZelekna, 1994, P. 235.

16. Reichel-Dolmatoff,1975, P. 78.

17. Muratorio, 1991, pp. 219-222.

18. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 114.

i9. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 347.

20. Wasson, 1957, see generally 1972b; Castaneda, 1968, 1971, 1972, see also 1973.
For critical reviews ofCastaneda, see de Mille, 1976, 199o; Fikes, 1993; Harris,
1979, PP. 315-324; La Barre, 1989, Pp. 271-275, 307-308; Letcher, 2007, pp. 214-
216; Noel, 1976; Wasson, 1972a. For examples of this abiding fascination, see the
articles collected in Forte, 2ooob; Furst, 1972; Grob, 2002; Harner, 1973d; Roberts,
2001. Anthropologist Alice Kehoe (2000, pp. 64-65) renders all shamanism drugfree by refusing to call South American religious specialists shamans.

21. Dunn, 1973; Hutton, 2001; Letcher, 2007, p. 134; Saar, 1991.

22. See generally Schultes & Hofmann, 1992, pp. 112-115; Spinella, 2001, pp. 360-
371.

23. Dobkin de Rios, 1984/1990, p. 161; Ott, 1996, PP. 371-372.

24. Fernandez, 1972, Pp. 243-244, 248, 250; Paicheler & Ravalec, 2004/2007, p. 7.

25. Dobkin de Rios, 1984/1990, p. 164; Fernandez, 1972, p. 241.

26. Fernandez, 1972, p. 248; Ott, 1996, P. 372.

27. Jochelson,1908, p. 120.

28. Applegate, 1978; Pendell, 2005, pp. 248-249.

29. Letcher, 2007, pp. 135-137; Salzman, Salzman, Salzman, & Lincoff, 1996.

30. Znamenski, 2007, p. 134.

31. Quoted in Znamenski, 2007, p. 132.

32. Arora, 1986, PP. 894-895; Stone, 2003, p. 104.

33• Fernandez, 1972, Pp. 249-250.

34• Paicheler, 2004/2007, p. 67.

35• Letcher, 2007, p. 133.

36. Kehoe, 2000, p. 48-

37. The scholarly literature on these new religious movements is extensive: see
Beynon, 1993; Brandao, 1993; Frenopoulo, 2004; Groisman & Sell, 1996;
Henman, 1986; Krippner & Sulla, zooo; Labate & Araujo, 2002; Larsen, 2000;
Liwszyc, Vuori, Rasanen, & Issakanen, 1992; Lowy, 1987; Luna, 2003; Luna &
White, 2000; MacRae, 1992, 1999, 2000, 2004; Ott, 1996, pp. 242-244, 266-268 n.
9; Polari de Alverga, 1984/1999; Prance, 1970; Quinlan, 2001; Richman, 1990-1991;
Schinzinger, 2001; Soibelman, 1996. An important collection of hymns in these
religious movements, in English and Portuguese, translated by Steven White, is
found in Luna & White, 2000, pp. 135-144- Of course, there is a lot of information
on the Internet-in particular, the official Uniao do Vegetal Web site, http:Ilwww.
udv.org.br/, and the Centro Ecletico de Fluente Luz Universal Raimundo Irineu
Serra Web site, http://www.santodaime.org/indexy.htm.

38. MacRae, 1992, p. 129.

39. Luna, 2003; Luna & White, 2000, pp. 6-7. The best brief introduction is MacRae,
2004.

40. Krippner & Sulla, 2000; Luna, 2003.

V. Dawson, 2007, p. 72; Polari de Alverga, 19841999, P. 25; MacRae, 2000, p. 104.

42. MacRae, 2004.

43. Goldman, 198441999, P. xxiv.

44. Krippner & Sulla, 2000.

45. Callaway, 1999, P. 264.

46. MacRae, 2004.

47. Frenopoulo, 2004, P. 23.

48. MacRae, 1998, 2004; Weiskopf, 2006.

49. Luna, 2003; Luna & White, 2000, pp. 6-7.

50. MacRae, 2004.

51. MacRae, 2004.

52. MacRae, 2004.

53. Callaway, 1999, P. 264; Frenopoulo, 2004; Luna, 2003; Luna & White, 2000,
pp. 6-7; MacRae, 2004.

54. MacRae, 2004.

55. Calloway, 1999, P. 264; Luna & White, 2000, pp. 6-7.

56. Luna & White, 2000, pp. 6-7; MacRae, 2004.

57. Luna, 2003; Luna & White, 2000, pp. 6-7.

58. Callaway, 1999.

59. See, for example, Piccalo, 2008.

CHAPTER 27

i. Fuguet, 2001, p. 66.

2. Valenti, 2000, p. 6; see generally Paerregaard, 1997.

3. Ashcroft, Griffiths, & Tiffen, 2000, p. 136.

4. Reproduced in Pratt, 1992, p. 152.

5. Werlich, 1978, p. 12.

6. Masterson, 1991, pp. 5-6. The same figures are given by sources as diverse
as the Central Intelligence Agency (2006) and The New York Times (2004).

7. See Gow, 1996, p. 99.

8. Masterson, 1991, pp. 5-6; Werlich, 1978, p. 12; Vargas Llosa, 1990, P. 52,
quoted in Sa, 2004, p. 251.

9. De la Cadena, 2000, pp. 1-3, 46.

10. Masterson, 1991, pp. 5-6.

11. Crandon-Malamud, 1991, p. 241 n. 2.

12. Coomes & Barham, 1997-

13. See Gow, 1991, Pp. 1-2, 263-264, 293.

14. Hiraoka, 1992, P. 135.

15. The equivalent Portuguese terms are ribeirinho and cabodo (Slater, 2002,
p. 229 n. 44; see Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, p. xiv).

16. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 9.

17. Padoch & de Jong, 1987; Pinedo-Vasquez, Barletti Pasquall, & Del Castillo
Torres, 2002.

18. On the subsistence economy, see Claggett, 1998, p. i.

i9. Claggett, 1998, pp. 9-io.

20. Padoch & de Jong, 1992, PP. 159-160.

21. Pinedo-Vasquez, Zarin, & Jipp, 1995, P. 241.

22. Castonguay, 1990, p. 36; Gow, 1991, P. 73.

23. Lopez Beltran, 2001, p. 574 nn. 4-5.

24. Stanfield, 1998, P. 23.

25. Lieberei, 2007-

26. Weinstein, 1983, pp. 26-27.

27. Ruiz, 2006, p. 13; Stanfield, 1998, P. 24.

28. Weinstein, 1983, p. 26.

29. Ruiz, 2006, p. 12.

30. Pimenta, 2005.

P. Weinstein, 1983, p. 26.

32. Weinstein, 1983, p. 26.

33. Taussig, 1987, P. 3.

34. Pimenta, 2005.

35• Stanfield, 1998, Pp. 24-25.

36. Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, p. 37; Cardenas, Ocampo, & Thorp, 2000, p. 172.

37. MacRae, 1992, P. 30; Lumby, 2000.

38. Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, p. 162.

39• Stocks, 1984, P• 44-

40. Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, p. 37.

41. Santos-Granero & Barclay, 2000, p. 162.

42. Gow, 1996, p. 96.

43. Chaumeil, 1992, p. 102.

44• The term is probably from the Shipibo cungatuccha (Luna, 1986c, p. 125 n. 73;
Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 108 n. 157).

45. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 108, 11o; see Luna, 1986c, pp. 123-125-

46. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, p. io8 n. 157.

47. Weiskopf, 2005, p. 114; Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 69.

48. Davis, 1996, p. 175; see also Schultes & Raffauf,1990, PP. 419-424.

49• Schultes & Raffauf, 1992, PP. 52, 54•

50. Schultes & Raffauf, 1992, P. 52.

51. See Gow, 1991, PP- 77-78-

52. Castonguay, 1990, p. 90.

53. Gow, 1991, P. 82.

54. De la Cadena, 2001, p. 6; Manrique, 1998, p. 217; Taussig, 1980/2004, p. 198.

55• Whitten & Whitten, 2008, p. 151-

56. Castonguay, 1990, p. 114.

57. Pinedo-Vasquez et al., 1995, P. 242.

58. Pinedo-Vasquez etal., 1995, Pp. 244-246, Tables 10.3, 10-5-

59. Hiraoka, 1995, Pp. 207, 209.

6o. Pinedo-Vasquez etal., 1995, P. 245.

61. Hiraoka, 1995, P. 207.

62. Bodmer, 1994, P. 130.

63. Gow, 1996, PP.1o5-111.

64. Gow, 1991, p. 83. On the spatial organization ofAmazonian towns, see Chevalier,
1982, pp. 215-242; San Roman, 1977.

65. Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 22 n. 16.

66. Rengifo, 2001, p. 120.

67. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 2oo6a, 2oo6b.

68. Rengifo, 2001, p. 63.

69. Emmons, 1997, p. 168.

CHAPTER 28

i. See generally Dobkin de Rios, 197oa, 197ob, 1971, 1972b, 1973; Gow, 1991, pp.
235-241; Katz & Dobkin de Rios, 1971; Luna, 1984a, 1984b, 1986c, 1991a, 1992;
Luna & Amaringo, 1993.

2. See also Luna, 1986c, p. 86.

3. Chevalier, 1982, P. 345; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 15, 58 n. 104.

4. Castonguay, 1990, p. 86.

5. Brown, 1986, p. 6o.

6. Harner, 1971, p. 156.

7. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 33.

8. Calvo, 198i1i995b, P. 258.

9. Chevalier, 1982, P. 389.

io. Bear, 2000, pp. 37, 56; Cebrian, 2005, p. 172.

11. Kamppinen, 1997, PP. 13-14•

12. Chevalier, 1982, p. 389; Dobkin de Rios, 1973, P• 79•

13. Cebrian, 2005, P.173.

14. Segal, 1999, P. 71.

15. Chevalier, 1982, P. 389.

16. Segal, 1999, P. 72.

17. See generally Chevalier, 1982, PP. 390-391; Luna, 1986c, pp. 74-75; Luna &
Amaringo, 1993, P. 122 n. M. For pictures, see Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 78,
122.

18. Calvo, 198I/I995b, P. 243.

19. Calvo, 198I/I995b, Pp. 10-12, 22-23.

20. Calvo, 198i/i995b, p. 13.

21. Luna, 1986c, p. 75.

22. Calvo,198I/I995b, p. 13; Luna, 1986c, p. 76.

23. Chevalier, 1982, P. 391.

24. Velasquez Zea, 2006.

25. Ochoa Abaurre, 2002, p. 128; my translation.

26. Velasquez Zea, 2006; my translation.

27. Bear, 2000, pp. 128-130-

28. Calvo, 198I/I995b, Pp. 255, 259; Luna, 1986c, pp. 78-79; Luna & Amaringo, 1993,
pp. 74 n. 124, 76, 86; Tindall, 2008, pp. 167-168, 209.

29. Bear, 2000, p. 140.

30. See generally Cebrian, 2005, pp. 166-167; Dobkin de Rios, 1972b, p. 81; Luna,
1986c, p. 8o; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 37. Pablo Amaringo has painted a vision
he had of what the yacuruna world looks like (Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 85)

31. Luna, 1986c, p. 8o; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 37.

32. Luna, 1986c, p. 87; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 124.

33. Bear, 2000, p. 26; Cebrian, 2005, pp. 166-167.

34 Tindall, 2008, pp. 210-211.

35• Descola, 1986/1994, P. 124, 199341996, P. 323.

36. Harner, 1971, pp. 154-155-

37. Perruchon, 2003, p. 231.

38. Perruchon, 2003, P. 324.

39• Perruchon, 2003, pp. 161, 318.

40. Perruchon, 2003, PP. 317-327.

41. Perruchon, 2003, PP. 324-325.

42. Descola, 1993/1996, P. 325.

43. Descola, 1993/1996, PP. 324-325.

44. Whitten & Whitten, 2008, pp. 35, 49, 76-77,166, 267.

45. See generally Bear, 2000, p. 26; Cebrian, 2005, p. 166; Dobkin de Rios, 1972b,
pp. 81-82; Luna, 1986c, p. 82; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, PP. 36-37.

46. Luna, 1984b.

47. Luna, 1986c, p. 82.

48. Cebrian, 2005, p. 166; Tindall, 2008, p. 210.

49. Bear, 2000, p. 40.

50. Luna, 1986c, p. 83; Luna & Amaringo, 1993, P. 36.